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Design, Technology and Communication in the British Empire, 1830–1914 pp 15–39Cite as

Acquiring Markets – The Opportunities of Empire

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Abstract

This chapter explores the identification of opportunities in the imperial context. It begins by examining the market with regard to the design capability of British industry, and how establishing relationships became a conduit for communication. It also examines the nature of the communication between and within the British industrial-economic context and the colonial context and considers three thematic areas, each of which contributes to the process of identification: the maturity of technology, colonial opportunities and restrictions and, lastly, ownership structures and partnerships, including the ethical dimensions to these.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    P. Mathias, The first industrial nation: the economic history of Britain, 1700–1914 (3rd edn., London, 2001) (Mathias 2001); R. Floud and D. McCloskey, The economic history of Britain since 1700, volume II: 1860–1939 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 213 (Floud and McCloskey 1994); A. Offer, ‘Costs and benefits, prosperity and security, 1870–1914,’ in A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: the nineteenth century (Oxford, 1999), p. 706. (Porter 1999)

  2. 2.

    This point will be developed in more detail in Chapter 3.

  3. 3.

    D. Arnold, ‘Europe, technology, and colonialism in the twentieth century’, History and Technology, 21:1 (2005), pp. 98–100 (Arnold 2005); B. Attard and A. Dilley, ‘Finance, empire and the British world,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 41:1 (2013), pp. 1–10. (Attard and Dilley 2013)

  4. 4.

    D. R. Headrick, The tools of empire: technology and European imperialism in the nineteenth century (Oxford, 1981), pp. 11, 206. (Headrick 1981)

  5. 5.

    See for example, M. Adas, Machines as the measure of men: science, technology and ideologies of western dominance (Oxford, 1989), pp. 144, 310. (Adas 1989)

  6. 6.

    The idea that the self-governing dominions were an easy market for British products has been convincingly challenged: A. Thompson and G. Magee, ‘A soft touch? British industry, empire markets, and the self-governing dominions, c. 1870–1914,’ Economic History Review, 56:4 (2003), p. 690 (Thompson and Magee 2003); A. Thompson, The empire strikes back? The impact of imperialism on Britain from the mid-nineteenth century (Harlow, 2005), pp. 170–1. (Thompson 2005)

  7. 7.

    See for example, records of Fowler & Co.’s partnerships in Museum of English Rural Life [hereafter MERL], John Fowler & Co., TR FOW, AD/7 (Cuba); AD7/30 (Hawaii); and those of Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd: TR RAN, AD7/47 (Peru and Columbia).

  8. 8.

    See for example the discussion in Arnold, ‘Europe, technology, and colonialism,’ pp. 98–100 (Arnold 2005); C. Andersen, British engineers and Africa, 1875–1914 (London, 2011), pp. 3–5, 57, 162–4 (Andersen 2011); R. A. Buchanan, ‘Institutional proliferation in the British engineering profession, 1847–1914,’ Economic History Review, 38:1 (1985), pp. 43, 46 (Buchanan 1985); S. J. Potter, ‘Webs, networks and systems: globalisation and the mass media in the nineteenth and twentieth century British Empire,’ Journal of British Studies, 46:3 (2007), pp. 622, 626, 634 (Potter 2007); A. Tindley and A. Wodehouse, ‘The role of social networks in agricultural innovation: the Sutherland reclamations and the Fowler steam plough, c. 1855–c. 1885,’ Rural History, 25:2 (2014), pp. 205–14.

  9. 9.

    Mitchell Library [hereafter ML], Sir William Arrol & Co. collection, TD208/67/1, Minute Book, ff. 246, 21 August 1901.

  10. 10.

    Arnold, ‘Europe, technology and colonialism,’ pp. 87–8. (Arnold 2005)

  11. 11.

    ML, TD208/67/1, Minute Book, page 246, 21 August 1901.

  12. 12.

    C. E. Challis, A new history of the royal mint (1992), p. 444; S. Tungate, ‘Matthew Boulton and the Soho Mint: copper to customer,’ (Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010), p. 183–4 (Tungate 2010); S. Tungate, ‘Workers at the Soho Mint, 1788–1809,’ in K. Quickenden, S. Baggott and M. Dick (eds.), Matthew Boulton: enterprising industrialist of the Enlightenment (Farnham, 2013), pp. 179–97. (Quickenden et al. 2013)

  13. 13.

    Tungate, ‘Matthew Boulton’, p. 183. (Tungate 2010)

  14. 14.

    Birmingham City Library [hereafter BCL], Boulton and Watt collection, MS 3147/3/489/1, correspondence, Bombay Mint 1821–4; MS 3147/4/70, estimates.

  15. 15.

    BCL, Boulton and Watt, MS 3147/3/489/1, correspondence.

  16. 16.

    Thompson and Magee, ‘A soft touch?’ p. 690. (Thompson and Magee 2003)

  17. 17.

    U. Bosma, The sugar plantation in India and Indonesia: industrial production, 1770–2010 (Cambridge, 2013), p. 139–40. (Bosma 2013)

  18. 18.

    Bosma, Sugar plantation, p. 139. (Bosma 2013)

  19. 19.

    Bosma, Sugar plantation, p. 139. (Bosma 2013)

  20. 20.

    Bosma, Sugar plantation, p. 140–1 (Bosma 2013); R. J. Henry, ‘Technology transfer and its constraints: early warnings from agricultural development in colonial India,’ in R. MacLeod and D. Kumar (eds.), Technology and the Raj: Western technology and technical transfers to India 1700–1947 (London, 1995), p. 65 (MacLeod and Kumar 1995); D. Arnold, Everyday technology: machines and the making of India’s modernity (Chicago, 2013), p. 114. (Arnold 2013)

  21. 21.

    Henry, ‘Technology transfer and its constraints,’ pp. 65–7.

  22. 22.

    Bosma, Sugar plantation, p. 140 (Bosma 2013); Arnold, Everyday technology, p. 114. (Arnold 2013)

  23. 23.

    V. Satchell, ‘Innovations in sugar-cane mill technology in Jamaica, 1760–1830’ in V. Shepherd (ed.), Working slavery, pricing freedom: perspectives from the Caribbean, Africa and the African diaspora (Kingston, 2002), pp. 95–6 (Shepherd 2002); J. H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: an historical geography from its origins to 1914 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 135–6. (Galloway 1989)

  24. 24.

    Satchell, ‘Innovations in sugar-cane mill technology’, p. 95. (Shepherd 2002)

  25. 25.

    R. W. Beachey, The British West Indian Sugar Industry in the late nineteenth century (Oxford, 1957), p. 62 (Beachey 1957); University of Glasgow Archive Services, Smith Mirrlees (and associated companies) collection, GB248, UGD118/4/7/1, f. 4; UGD118/4/5/2/, Estate order book.

  26. 26.

    Galloway, Sugar cane industry, p. 136–7 (Galloway 1989); Beachey, British West Indies sugar industry, pp. 67–9. (Beachey 1957)

  27. 27.

    Galloway, Sugar cane industry, p. 136. (Galloway 1989)

  28. 28.

    D. Edgerton, The shock of the old: technology and global history since 1900 (London, 2008), pp. xi–xvii (Edgerton 2008); Henry, ‘Technology transfer and its constraints,’ pp. 51–77; Bosma, Sugar plantation, pp. 139–40 (Bosma 2013); Galloway, Sugar cane industry, pp. 136–7 (Galloway 1989); N. Deerr, ‘The evolution of the sugar cane mill,’ Trans. of the Newcomen Society, 21 (1940–1), pp. 11–21 (Deerr 1940–1); Beachey, British West Indies sugar industry, pp. 67–9 (Beachey 1957); Satchel, ‘Innovations in sugar-cane mill technology,’ pp. 93–111. (Shepherd 2002)

  29. 29.

    Z. E. Lambert and R. J. Wyatt, Lord Austin: the man (Altrincham, 1968), pp. 31–2 (Lambert and Wyatt 1968); S. Ville, The rural entrepreneurs: a history of the stock and station agent industry in Australia and New Zealand (Cambridge, 2009), p. 161 (Ville 2009). We will explore these experimental/demonstration spaces further in later chapters.

  30. 30.

    P. Adam-Smith, The shearers (Melbourne, 1982), p. 153. (Adam-Smith 1982)

  31. 31.

    Lambert and Wyatt, Lord Austin, pp. 32–3. (Lambert and Wyatt 1968)

  32. 32.

    See for example Arnold, Everyday technologies, p. 114 (Arnold 2013); Arnold, ‘Europe, technology and colonialism,’ p. 96. (Arnold 2005)

  33. 33.

    Arnold, ‘Europe, technology and colonialism,’ pp. 95–7. (Arnold 2005)

  34. 34.

    R. Kubicek, ‘British expansion, empire and technological change,’ in A. Porter, (ed.), The Oxford history of the British Empire: the nineteenth century (Oxford, 1999), pp. 248, 250, 263. (Porter 1999)

  35. 35.

    Andersen, British engineers in Africa, pp. 3–8 (Andersen 2011); Buchanan, ‘Diaspora of British engineering,’ pp. 503, 507. (Buchanan 1986)

  36. 36.

    Offer, ‘Costs and benefits, prosperity and security,’ p. 706; P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: innovation and expansion, 1688–1914 (London, 1993), pp. 229–34. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  37. 37.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 238–9, 241. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  38. 38.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 231, 233. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  39. 39.

    Arnold, ‘Europe, technology and colonialism,’ pp. 96, 98–9. (Arnold 2005)

  40. 40.

    Thompson and Magee, ‘A soft touch?’, p. 690. (Thompson and Magee 2003)

  41. 41.

    See the discussion on this debate in Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 257–8, 266–7. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  42. 42.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 257–8, 266–7. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  43. 43.

    MERL, TR FOW, AD6/16, William Cullen Ward (John Fowler & Co., Sydney) to John Fowler & Co., Leeds, 18 February 1889; H. Bonnett, The saga of the steam plough (London, 1965), pp. 151–2. (Bonnett 1965)

  44. 44.

    Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism, pp. 266–7. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  45. 45.

    K. Tennent, ‘Management and the free-standing company: the New Zealand and Australia land company, c. 1866–1900,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 41:1 (2013), p. 87 (Tennent 2013); J. Winter, Secure from rash assault: sustaining the Victorian environment (Berkeley, 1999), pp. 3, 5, 9. (Winter 1999)

  46. 46.

    Winter, Secure from rash assault, p. 4–5, 14–15. (Winter 1999)

  47. 47.

    Winter, Secure From rash assault, pp. 250–7 (Winter 1999); W. Beinart, P. Delius and S. Trapido (eds), Putting a plough to the ground: accumulation and dispossession in rural South Africa, 1850–1930 (Johannesburg, 1986), pp. 4, 29. (Beinart et al. 1986)

  48. 48.

    Staffordshire County Record Office, Sutherland Estates Papers, D593, K/1/8/10, report by Mackenzie and Murray to George Loch, 29 June 1869.

  49. 49.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 288–97. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  50. 50.

    National Library of Scotland [hereafter NLS], Acc. 6905/9, Papers of David Angus, civil engineer, ‘Excursion over the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway, 1–3 March 1886. And other details about the same’, ff. 29–30.

  51. 51.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, p. 316. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  52. 52.

    MERL, TR FOW, AD7/14, R. H. Fowler to Duburgent, 30 November 1906; see also AD7/15 Abyssinia (1906).

  53. 53.

    G. Magee and A. Thompson, Empire and globalisation: Networks of people, goods and capital in the British world, c. 1850–1914 (Cambridge, 2010), p. 117. (Magee and Thompson 2010)

  54. 54.

    Magee and Thompson, Empire and globalisation, p. 138. (Magee and Thompson 2010)

  55. 55.

    Magee and Thompson, Empire and globalisation, p. 120. (Magee and Thompson 2010)

  56. 56.

    See for example Andersen, British engineers in Africa, pp. 13, 17. (Andersen 2011)

  57. 57.

    Adas, Machines as the measure of men, pp. 15, 144, 310 (Adas 1989); R. Prasad, ‘Time-sense:’ railways and temporality in colonial India,’ Modern Asian Studies, 47:4 (2013), p. 1254. (Prasad 2013)

  58. 58.

    British Library [hereafter BL], India Office, Public Works Department, L/E/5/69 No. 34, enclosures in dispatch from the Secretary of State to Secretary of the Revenue Department, India Office, 2 January 1864. See also L/E/3/754, No. 46, Proceedings of the Madras Government, Revenue Department, 1 May 1868; Tindley and Wodehouse, ‘Role of social networks in agricultural innovation.’

  59. 59.

    BL, India Office, Public Works Department, F/4/2136 No. 101674, 18 January 1845; 3 February 1845.

  60. 60.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, pp. 316–50. (Cain and Hopkins 1993)

  61. 61.

    Neil Charlesworth, British rule and the Indian economy 1800–1914 (Basingstoke, 1985), p. 12 (Charlesworth 1985); D. Chakrabarty, ‘The colonial context of the Bengal renaissance: a note on early railway-thinking in Bengal,’ Indian Economic and Social History Review, 11 (1974), p. 93; T. Sethia, ‘Railways, Raj and the Indian states: policy of collaboration and coercion in Hyderabad,’ in Davis and Wilburn (eds), Railway imperialism (London, 1991), p. 105. (Davis and Wilburn 1991)

  62. 62.

    BL, India Office, Department of Public Works, L/PWD/5/1/ No. 50 of 1864 as to the Delhi Railway. Similarly, see notes relating to encouragement of sugar manufacture in India in BL, India Office, Board Collections, F/4/1891, no. 80131; and also cotton manufacture, F/4/2136, no. 101674, 3 February 1845.

  63. 63.

    D. Headrick, The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 82–3 (Headrick 1988); Headrick, Tools of empire, pp. 184–6. (Headrick 1981)

  64. 64.

    J. M. Hurd, ‘Railways,’ in D. Kumar with M. Desai (eds), The Cambridge economic history of India: volume II, c. 1757–c. 1970 (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 742–5, 749 (Kumar and Desai 1983); Headrick, Tools of empire, p. 188. (Headrick 1981)

  65. 65.

    Headrick, Tools of empire, p. 188. (Headrick 1981)

  66. 66.

    F. Lehmann, ‘Great Britain and the supply of railway locomotives to India: a case study of “economic imperialism”’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, 2 (1965), pp. 299–300. (Lehmann 1965)

  67. 67.

    S. B. Saul, ‘The engineering industry,’ in D. H. Aldcroft, (ed.), The development of British industry and foreign competition, 1875–1914 (London, 1968), pp. 198, 202–3. (Aldcroft 1968)

  68. 68.

    BL, India Office, Public Works Department, Photography collection, 15/8: ‘Presented as a memento of the visit of Lord Elgin to the East Indian Railway workshops at Jamalpur, 30 November 1897.

  69. 69.

    Headrick, Tentacles of progress, p. 82–3. (Headrick 1988)

  70. 70.

    MacLeod and Kumar, Technology and the Raj, ‘Introduction’, p. 14. (MacLeod and Kumar 1995)

  71. 71.

    A. L. Al-Sayyid-Marsot, ‘The British occupation of Egypt from 1882,’ in Porter, Oxford history, pp. 658–9 (Porter 1999); R. L. Tignor, Modernisation and British colonial rule in Egypt, 1882–1914 (Princeton, 1966), pp. 25, 40–2 (Tignor 1966); R. Owen, The Middle East in the world economy, 1800–1914 (London, 1981), p. 39 (Owen 1981); Andersen, British engineers in Africa, pp. 4, 8, 74 (Andersen 2011); B. J. Hunt, ‘Doing science in a global empire: cable telegraphy and electrical physics in Victorian Britain,’ in B. Lightman (ed.), Victorian science in context (Chicago, 1997), p. 321. (Lightman 1997)

  72. 72.

    Teeside Archives, Head, Wrightson & Co. collection, U.HW/1/4, Minute book, ff. 183, 21 October 1908.

  73. 73.

    Andersen, British engineers in Africa, pp. 4, 8, 74. (Andersen 2011)

  74. 74.

    Henry, ‘Technology transfer and its constraints’, pp. 65–7.

  75. 75.

    BL, India Office, Public Works Department, F/4/1891, No. 80131, Extract Revenue letter, 16 Apr. No. 25, 1839.

  76. 76.

    Arnold, Everyday technology, p. 114. (Arnold 2013)

  77. 77.

    Headrick, Tentacles of progress, pp. 82–3. (Headrick 1988)

  78. 78.

    NLS, Regional Lists, MS 17956, Journal of a visit to Jamaica, 1823–4, ff. 23–4, 14 January 1824.

  79. 79.

    H. Bonnett, Farming with steam (Shire, 1974), pp. 10–17; C. Tyler, Digging by steam (Watford, 1977), p. 127; M. Lane, The story of the steam plough works; Fowlers of Leeds (1980), p. 7. (Lane 1980)

  80. 80.

    NLS, Regional Lists, MS 14835, Memorandum of Alexander Dalrymple, concerning the making of a canal in India, ff. 121–6, 12 January 1807.

  81. 81.

    R. K. Aufhauser, ‘Slavery and technological change,’ Journal of Economic History, 34:1 (1974), pp. 38–9, 41–2 (Aufhauser 1974b); A. H. Adamson, Sugar without slaves: the political economy of British Guiana, 1838–1904 (London, 1972), pp. 5–10 (Adamson 1972); R. K. Aufhauser, ‘Profitability of slavery in the British Caribbean,’ Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 5:1 (1974), pp. 46, 66. (Aufhauser 1974a)

  82. 82.

    NLS, Regional Lists, MS 15908, Letters and papers of James Taylor, tea-planter, Ceylon, 1851–92, 13 March 1852; 9 March 1854.

  83. 83.

    NLS, Regional Lists, MS 9659, ‘A treatise on tea-planting,’ by D. Foulis, c. 1870.

  84. 84.

    Challis, History of the royal mint, pp. 512, 544.

  85. 85.

    MERL, TR RAN, AD7/63, letters from India and Ceylon, ff. 25, 24 November 1875.

  86. 86.

    BL, India Office, Board Collection, L/E/5/69, enclosure no. 34, 2 January 1864, General F. C. Cotton to the Secretary of the Revenue Department, India Office.

  87. 87.

    Andersen argues that they were excluding, monopolising networks: British engineers in Africa, p. 164. (Andersen 2011)

  88. 88.

    National Railway Museum Archives York, Sharp, Stewart & Co., Order book: Atlas works, Glasgow 1885–1903, E910–E1219.

  89. 89.

    The importance of patronage is discussed in Andersen, British engineers in Africa, p. 59 (Andersen 2011); Hunt, ‘Doing science in a global empire,’ p. 321; Kubicek, ‘British expansion, empire and technological change,’ p. 250.

  90. 90.

    Tindley and Wodehouse, ‘Role of social networks,’ p. 204.

  91. 91.

    NLS, Sutherland Estates Papers, Acc. 10225, Policy Papers, 69, Wright to Peacock, 14 July 1871; 70, Wright to Peacock, 7 May 1877; see also Lane, Story of the steam plough works, pp. 66–7. (Lane 1980)

  92. 92.

    Cain and Hopkins, British imperialism, p. 23–5, 53–82, 388 (Cain and Hopkins 1993). For instance in East Africa: J. Forbes Munro, Maritime, enterprise and empire: Sir William Mackinnon and his business network, 1823–93 (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 215–21, 287–90. (Forbes Munro 2003)

  93. 93.

    For instance, the firm that handled Fowler & Co.’s Egyptian business was Briggs & Co. of Alexandria, the same firm that also represented Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies Ltd; Lane, Story of the steam plough works, p. 65. (Lane 1980)

  94. 94.

    Winter, Secure from rash assault, p. 73. (Winter 1999)

  95. 95.

    Lane, Story of the steam plough works, p. 90. (Lane 1980)

  96. 96.

    Lane, Story of the steam plough works, p. 62. (Lane 1980)

  97. 97.

    J. Pickard, ‘Wire fences in colonial Australia: technology transfer and adaptation, 1842–1900,’ Rural history, 21:1 (2010), p. 28 for another successful colonial transfer; Lane, Story of the steam plough works, p. 91. (Lane 1980)

  98. 98.

    P. S. A. Berridge, Couplings to the Khyber: the story of the north western railway (Newton Abbot, 1969), pp. 66–9. (Berridge 1969)

  99. 99.

    R. E. Crompton, Reminiscences (London, 1928), pp. 52–6, 75. (Crompton 1928)

  100. 100.

    T. A., Head, Wrightson & Co., U.HW/1/4, minute book, ff. 3, 27 August 1907, ‘Agreeing to tender for Boulac Briges’; and ff. 52, 19 December 1907, reporting on the agreement to bid together.

  101. 101.

    For example see MERL, TR FOW, CO3/53, South Africa; CO3/63, Australia or TR RAN CO5/P81 and Marshall & Son Ltd, TR MAR, AD6/1. It is worth noting that many of these agencies were located in Europe and extra-imperial territories as well.

  102. 102.

    These themes are discussed in P. J. Cain, ‘Character and imperialism: the British financial administration of Egypt, 1878–1914,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 34:2 (2006), pp. 177–200. (Cain 2006)

  103. 103.

    MERL, TR FOW, AD6/9, Johnson to Fowler, 1 October 1910.

  104. 104.

    MERL, TR FOW, AD6/9, Johnson to Fowler, 1 October 1910.

  105. 105.

    MERL, TR FOW, AD6/11, Correspondence file between R. H. Fowler and W. A. McLaren, Fowler’s agent in South Africa, 21 Mar.–18 June 1904.

  106. 106.

    See Andersen, British engineers in Africa, pp. 87–107 (Andersen 2011); Buchanan, ‘Institutional proliferation in the British engineering profession,’ pp. 45–60. (Buchanan 1985)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of History, Classics & Archaelogy, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom

    Annie Tindley

  2. Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom

    Andrew Wodehouse

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  1. Annie Tindley
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  2. Andrew Wodehouse
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Tindley, A., Wodehouse, A. (2016). Acquiring Markets – The Opportunities of Empire. In: Design, Technology and Communication in the British Empire, 1830–1914. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59798-4_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59798-4_2

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  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, London

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