Skip to main content

Abstract

Focusing on the consensual use of the internet for sexual pleasure and enjoyment among adults, this chapter explores cybersex as a reciprocal sexual interaction mediated by the internet. Technological affordances such as anonymity, disembodiment, and non-proximate intimacy are examined in relation to two key related questions: Is cybersex ‘real sex’? and Does cybersex transcend the body? The chapter argues that cybersex can offer new opportunities to play with, experiment or try out sexualities in relatively risk-free ways, but also evoke new obligations and requirements. Virtual spaces can operate as liminal spaces, as spaces betwixt and between reality and fantasy which users can exploit to their own satisfaction.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, M., Oye, J., & Parker, T. (2003). Sexuality of older adults and the internet: From sex education to cybersex. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18(3), 405–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012). Sexting, consent and young people’s ethics: Beyond Megan’s Story. Continuum, 26(3), 463–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anisimowicz, Y., & O’Sullivan, L. F. (2017). Men’s and women’s use and creation of online sexually explicit materials including fandom-related works. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 823–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashford, C. (2006). The only gay in the village: Sexuality and the net. Information and Communications Technology Law, 15(3), 275–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Attwood, F. (2009). Deepthroatfucker’ and Discerning Adonis’ men and cybersex. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 12(3), 279–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badal, H. J., Stryker, J. E., DeLuca, N., & Purcell, D. W. (2018). Swipe Right: Dating Website and App Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men. AIDS and behavior, 22(4), 1265–1272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardzell, J., Bardzell, S., Zhang, G., & Pace, T. (2014, April). The lonely raccoon at the ball: Designing for intimacy, sociability, and selfhood. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3943–3952). https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2557127.

  • Barker, M., & Gill, R. (2012). Sexual subjectification and Bitchy Jones’s Diary. Psychology and Sexuality, 3(1), 26–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloustien, G., & Wood, D. (2016). Visualising disability and activism in Second Life. Current Sociology, 64(1), 101–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boies, S. C., Knudson, G., & Young, J. (2004). The internet, sex, and youths: Implications for sexual development. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 11(4), 343–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browne, J., & Russell, S. (2005). My home, your workplace: People with physical disability negotiate their sexual health without crossing professional boundaries. Disability and Society, 20(4), 375–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkett, M. (2015). Sex (t) talk: A qualitative analysis of young adults’ negotiations of the pleasures and perils of sexting. Sexuality and Culture, 19(4), 835–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabecinha, M., Mercer, C. H., Gravningen, K., Aicken, C., Jones, K. G., Tanton, C., et al. (2017). Finding sexual partners online: Prevalence and associations with sexual behaviour, STI diagnoses and other sexual health outcomes in the British population. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 93, 572–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalheira, A., & Gomes, F. A. (2003). Cybersex in Portuguese chatrooms: A study of sexual behaviors related to online sex. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 29(5), 345–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, E. P., Wong, J. Y., Lo, H. H., Wong, W., Chio, J. H., & Fong, D. Y. (2016a). The association between smartphone dating applications and college students’ casual sex encounters and condom use. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 9, 38–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, E. P. H., Wong, J. Y. H., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2016b). An emerging risk factor of sexual abuse: The use of smartphone dating applications. Sexual Abuse, 30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216672168.

  • Choi, E. P. H., Wong, J. Y. H., & Fong, D. Y. T. (2017). The use of social networking applications of smartphone and associated sexual risks in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: A systematic review. AIDS Care, 29(2), 145–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cockayne, D., Leszczynski, A., & Zook, M. (2017). #HotForBots: Sex, the non-human and digitally mediated spaces of intimate encounter. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263775817709018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A., Delmonico, D. L., & Burg, R. (2000). Cybersex users, abusers, and compulsives: New findings and implications. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 7(1–2), 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, A. L., Delmonico, D. L., Griffin-Shelley, E., & Mathy, R. M. (2004). Online sexual activity: An examination of potentially problematic behaviors. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity, 11(3), 129–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Couch, D., & Liamputtong, P. (2008). Online dating and mating: The use of the internet to meet sexual partners. Qualitative Health Research, 18(2), 268–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cravens, J. D., & Whiting, J. B. (2016). Fooling around on Facebook: The perceptions of infidelity behavior on social networking sites. Journal of Couple and Relationship Therapy, 15(3), 213–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cypress Valkyrie, Z. (2011). Cybersexuality in MMORPGs: Virtual sexual revolution untapped. Men and Masculinities, 14(1), 76–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daneback, K., Cooper, A., & Månsson, S. A. (2005). An internet study of cybersex participants. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34(3), 321–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dombrowski, S. C., LeMasney, J. W., Ahia, C. E., & Dickson, S. A. (2004). Protecting children from online sexual predators: Technological, psychoeducational, and legal considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(1), 65–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Döring, N. (2000). Feminist views of cybersex: Victimization, liberation, and empowerment. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(5), 863–884.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Döring, N. (2014). Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting? Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(1) (article 9). https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2014-1-9.

  • Döring, N. M. (2009). The internet’s impact on sexuality: A critical review of 15 years of research. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1089–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Döring, N., Daneback, K., Shaughnessy, K., Grov, C., & Byers, E. S. (2017). Online sexual activity experiences among college students: A four-country comparison. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(6), 1641–1652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, L. (2012). Reading Bitchy Jones’s diary: Sex blogging, community-building and feminism (s). Psychology and Sexuality, 3(1), 5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dowsett, G. W. (2015). ‘And next, just for your enjoyment!’: Sex, technology and the constitution of desire. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 17(4), 527–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.961170.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drouin, M., Vogel, K. N., Surbey, A., & Stills, J. R. (2013). Let’s talk about sexting, baby: Computer mediated sexual behaviors among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, A25–A30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gies, L. (2008). How material are cyberbodies? Broadband internet and embodied subjectivity. Crime, Media, Culture, 4(3), 311–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. L., Gonzalez, M. A., & Murphy, N. A. (2011). Sexuality in the 3D internet and its relationship to real-life sexuality. Psychology and Sexuality, 2(2), 107–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grov, C., Gillespie, B. J., Royce, T., & Lever, J. (2011). Perceived consequences of casual online sexual activities on heterosexual relationships: A US online survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(2), 429–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M., & Hearn, J. (2017). Revenge pornography: Gender, sexuality and motivations. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L., & Morgan, E. (2011). Sexting and sexual relationships among teens and young adults. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 7, 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hester, H., & Walters, C. (2016). Fat sex: New directions in theory and activism. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillier, L., & Harrison, L. (2007). Building realities less limited than their own: Young people practising same-sex attraction on the internet. Sexualities, 10(1), 82–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. H. (2005). ‘You show me yours, I’ll show you mine’: The negotiation of shifts from textual to visual modes in computer-mediated interaction among gay men. Visual Communication, 4(1), 69–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karaian, L. (2012). Lolita speaks: Sexting, teenage girls and the law. Crime, Media, Culture, 8, 57–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kargbo, M. (2013). Toward a new relationality: Digital photography, shame, and the fat subject. Fat Studies, 2(2), 160–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kibby, M., & Costello, B. (2001). Between the image and the act: Interactive sex entertainment on the internet. Sexualities, 4(3), 353–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosenko, K., Luurs, G., & Binder, A. R. (2017). Sexting and sexual behavior, 2011–2015: A critical review and meta-analysis of a growing literature. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(3), 141–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koskela, H. (2004). Webcams, TV shows and mobile phones: Empowering exhibitionism. Surveillance and Society, 2, 199–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKee, A., & Randall, R. S. (2017). 15 Becoming BDSM in an online environment. In P. G. Nixon & I. K. Düsterhöft (Eds.), Sex in the digital age. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLelland, M. (2005). Queer Japan from the Pacific war to the Internet age. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meerkerk, G. J., Eijnden, R. J. V. D., & Garretsen, H. F. (2006). Predicting compulsive internet use: It’s all about sex! CyberPsychology and Behavior, 9(1), 95–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. J., Finkelhor, D., & Wolak, J. (2003). The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the internet: A national survey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth and Society, 34(3), 330–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moorman, J. D., & Harrison, K. (2016). Gender, race, and risk: Intersectional risk management in the sale of sex online. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 816–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muise, A. (2011). Women’s sex blogs: Challenging dominant discourses of heterosexual desire. Feminism and Psychology, 21, 411–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353511411691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. (2008). Sex and tech: Results from a survey of teens and young adults. www.thenationalcampaign.org/sextech/PDF/SexTech_Summary.pdf.

  • Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2017). Sexual violence in a digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ringrose, J., Gill, R., Livingstone, S., & Harvey, L. (2012). A qualitative study of children, young people and ‘sexting’: A report prepared for the NSPCC. London: NSPCC. Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/44216/.

  • Ringrose, J., Harvey, L., Gill, R., & Livingstone, S. (2013). Teen girls, sexual double standards and ‘sexting’: Gendered value in digital image exchange. Feminist Theory, 14(3), 305–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L. (2007). The cyberself: The self-ing project goes online, symbolic interaction in the digital age. New Media and Society, 9(1), 93–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. W. (2005). Typing, doing, and being: Sexuality and the internet. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 342–352. http://dx.doi.org/0.1080/00224490509552290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. W., & Kauth, M. R. (2002). Men who have sex with men, and the internet: Emerging clinical issues and their management. In A. Cooper (Ed.), Sex and the internet: A guidebook for clinicians (pp. 47–69). New York: Brunner-Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. W., Rosser, B. S., & Stanton, J. (2004). Beliefs about cybersex and internet-mediated sex of Latino men who have internet sex with men: Relationships with sexual practices in cybersex and in real life. AIDS Care, 16(8), 1002–1011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Campbell, R., Pitcher, J., & Cunningham, S. (2018). Introduction: Technology, social change and commercial sex online. In Internet sex work (pp. 1–21). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saraswati, L. A. (2013). Wikisexuality: Rethinking sexuality in cyberspace. Sexualities, 16(5–6), 587–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, A. N., Smith, E. R., & Benotsch, E. G. (2017). Dating application use and sexual risk behavior among young adults. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 15(2), 183–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J. P. (2000). Effects of cybersex addiction on the family: Results of a survey. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention, 7(1–2), 31–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J. (2003). The impact of compulsive cybersex behaviours on the family. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 18(3), 329–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seal, D. W., Benotsch, E. G., Green, M., Snipes, D. J., Bull, S. S., Cejka, A., et al. (2015). The use of internet chat rooms to meet sexual partners: A comparison of non-heterosexually identified men with heterosexually identified men and women. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seymour, W., & Lupton, D. (2004). Holding the line online: Exploring wired relationships for people with disabilities. Disability and Society, 19(4), 291–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaughnessy, K., Byers, S., & Thornton, S. J. (2011). What is cybersex? Heterosexual students’ definitions. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(2), 79–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solvang, P. (2007). The amputee body desired: Beauty destabilized? Disability re-valued? Sexuality and Disability, 25(2), 51–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiidenberg, K. (2013). How does online experience inform our sense of self? NSFW bloggers’ identity narratives. In A.-A. Allaste (Ed.), Changes and continuities of lifestyles in transforming societies (pp. 177–202). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiidenberg, K. (2014). Bringing sexy back: Reclaiming the body aesthetic via self-shooting. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/CP2014-1-3.

  • Tikkanen, R., & Ross, M. W. (2000). Looking for sexual compatibility: Experiences among Swedish men in visiting internet gay chat rooms. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 3(4), 605–616.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tziallas, E. (2015). Gamified eroticism: Gay male “social networking” applications and self-pornography. Sexuality and Culture, 19(4), 759–775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Oosten, J. M., Peter, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017). Adolescents’ sexual media use and willingness to engage in casual sex: Differential relations and underlying processes. Human Communication Research, 43(1), 127–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbosch, L., van Oosten, J. M., & Peter, J. (2018). Sexually explicit internet material and adolescents’ sexual performance orientation: The mediating roles of enjoyment and perceived utility. Media Psychology, 21(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waskul, D. D. (2002). The naked self: Being a body in televideo cybersex. Symbolic Interaction, 25, 199–227. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2002.25.2.199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waskul, D. D., & Martin, J. A. (2010). Now the orgy is over. Symbolic Interaction, 33(2), 297–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waskul, D., Douglass, M., & Edgley, C. (2000). Cybersex: Outercourse and the enselfment of the body. Symbolic Interaction, 23(4), 375–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, B. R. (2018). Patterns of interaction in webcam sex work: A comparative analysis of female and male broadcasters. Deviant Behavior, 39(6), 732–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wéry, A., & Billieux, J. (2017). Problematic cybersex: Conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 238–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitty, M. T. (2003). Pushing the wrong buttons: Men’s and women’s attitudes toward online and offline infidelity. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 6(6), 569–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitty, M. T., & Carr, A. N. (2006). Cyberspace romance: The psychology of online relationships. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wolak, J., Finkelhor, D., Mitchell, K. J., & Ybarra, M. L. (2008). Online “predators” and their victims: Myths, realities, and implications for prevention and treatment. American Psychologist, 63(2), 111–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, E. A. (2008). Consciousness-raising 2.0: Sex blogging and the creation of a feminist sex commons. Feminism and Psychology, 18(4), 480–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtele, S. K., & Kenny, M. C. (2016). Technology-related sexual solicitation of adolescents: A Review of prevention efforts. Child Abuse Review, 25(5), 332–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young, K. S. (2004). Internet addiction: A new clinical phenomenon and its consequences. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 402–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dave Harley .

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Harley, D., Morgan, J., Frith, H. (2018). Being ‘Sexy’. In: Cyberpsychology as Everyday Digital Experience across the Lifespan. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59200-2_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics