Abstract
“Almost an island unto itself.” At least until recently, that metaphor plausibly captured something exceptional about American sports (Eriksen 2007). Americans have long preferred to watch and play sports they regard as distinctly theirs—football, baseball, and basketball most notably. Out of indifference to alien games or a sense of superiority about their own, they rarely focused on the action elsewhere. Over time, the U.S. developed its own sporting system, in which a few professional sports dominated public attention and defined the common rhythms of the sporting year.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abrams, Roger I. 2003. The Strongest Trade Union in America. Reviews in American History 31(2): 307–314.
Alexander, Charles C. 1991. Our Game: An American Baseball History. New York: MJF Books.
Ali, Muhammad, and Richard Durham. 1975. The Greatest: My Own Story. New York: Random House.
Andrews, David L. 2001. Michael Jordan Matters. In Michael Jordan, Inc.: Corporate Sport, Media Culture, and Late Modern America, ed. David L. Andrews, xiii–xixx. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Bairner, Alan. 2001. Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Baker, William J. 1986. Jesse Owens: An American Life. New York: Free Press.
Barzun, Jacques. 1954. God’s Country and Mine: A Declaration of Love Spiced with a Few Harsh Words. Boston: Little, Brown.
Baseball Almanac. World Series Television Ratings. http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ws/wstv.shtml. Accessed 31 Aug 2016.
Bass, Amy. 2002. Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Billig, Michael. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE.
Bissinger, H.G. 1990. Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Borer, Michael I. 2008. Faithful to Fenway: Believing in Boston, Baseball, and America’s Most Beloved Ballpark. New York: New York University Press.
Buffington, Daniel T. 2012. Us and Them: U.S. Ambivalence Toward the World Cup and American Nationalism. Journal of Sport & Social Issues 36(2): 135–154.
Burns, Ken, and Lynn Novick. 1994. Preface: Where Memory Gathers. In Baseball: An Illustrated History, ed. Geoffrey C. Ward, xvii–xviii. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Campos, Paul F. 1998. Jurismania: The Madness of American Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
Clotfelter, Charles T. 2011. Big-Time Sports in American Universities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cogliano, Francis D. 2004. Baseball and American Exceptionalism. In Sport and National Identity in the Post-war World, ed. Adrian Smith and Dilwyn Porter, 145–167. Abingdon: Routledge.
Cohen, Rich. 2014. How the NFL Reflects American Culture. The Wall Street Journal, September 19.
Cole, C.L. 2001. Nike’s America/America’s Michael Jordan. In Michael Jordan Inc, ed. David L. Andrews, 65–103. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Collins, Sandra. 2013. Sporting Japanese-ness in an Americanised Japan. In Mapping an Empire of American Sport, ed. Dyreson Mark, J.A. Mangan, and Roberta J. Park, 34–59. New York: Routledge.
Cottrell, Robert C. 2015. Icons of American Popular Culture: From P.T. Barnum to Jennifer Lopez. London: Routledge.
CRHP [Civil Rights History Project]. 2013. Bill Russell Oral History Interview. Washington, DC: Library of Congress.
Cunningham, Carson. 2009. American Hoops: U.S. Men’s Olympic Basketball from Berlin to Beijing. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
D’Agati, Philip A. 2011. Nationalism on the World Stage: Cultural Performance at the Olympic Games. Lanham: University Press of America.
Danielson, Michael N. 1997. Home Team: Professional Sports and the American Metropolis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Doyle, Leo A. 1998. Causes Won, Not Lost: Football and Southern Culture, 1892–1983. Atlanta: Emory University Department of History (dissertation).
Dunnavant, Keith. 2007. The Missing Ring: How Bear Bryant and the 1966 Alabama Crimson Tide Were Denied College Football’s Most Elusive Prize. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
Dyreson, Mark. 1998. Making the American Team: Sport, Culture, and the Olympic Experience. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
———. 2006. Jesse Owens: Leading Man in Modern American Tales of Racial Progress and Limits. In Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of the African American Athlete, ed. David W. Wiggins, 111–131. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
———. 2007. Prologue: The Paradoxes of American Insularity, Exceptionalism and Imperialism. In Sport and American Society: Exceptionalism, Insularity, ‘Imperialism’, ed. Mark Dyreson and J.A. Mangan, xii–xix. New York: Routledge.
———. 2009. Crafting Patriotism for Global Dominance: America at the Olympics. New York: Routledge.
———. 2013a. Prologue. The Paradoxes of Imitation and Resistance: The Origins of the Map of an American Empire of Sports. In Mapping an Empire of American Sport, ed. Dyreson Mark, J.A. Mangan, and Roberta J. Park, 1–6. New York: Routledge.
———. 2013b. Imperial ‘Deep Play’: Reading Sport and Visions of the Five Empires of the ‘New World,’ 1919–1941. In Mapping an Empire of Sport, ed. Dyreson Mark, J.A. Mangan, and Roberta J. Park, 7–33. New York: Routledge.
Early, Gerald L. 1995. Some Preposterous Propositions from the Heroic Life of Muhammad Ali: A Reading of The Greatest: My Own Story. In Muhammad Ali: The People’s Champ, ed. Elliott J. Gorn, 70–87. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
———. 1996. Birdland: Two Observations on the Cultural Significance of Baseball. American Poetry Review 25(4): 9–12.
———. 2006. Muhammad Ali: Flawed Rebel with a Cause. In Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of African American Athletes, ed. David W. Wiggins, 263–278. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
———. 2011. A Level Playing Field: African American Athletes and the Republic of Sports. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Easterbrook, Gregg. 2013. The King of Sports: Football’s Impact on America. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.
Eastman, Benjamin. 2007. Rejected America: Adolfo Luque, American Interventionism and Cubanidad. In Sport and American Society, ed. Mark Dyreson and J.A. Mangan, 191–227. New York: Routledge.
Economist. 2016. The World’s Lawyer: Why America and Not Another Country Is Going after FIFA. The Economist, June 6.
Edwards, Harry. 1969. The Revolt of the Black Athlete. New York: Free Press.
Elias, Robert. 2010. The Empire Strikes Out: How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad. New York: New Press.
Erenberg, Lewis A. 2006. The Greatest Fight of Our Generation: Louis vs. Schmeling. New York: Oxford University Press.
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 2007. Steps to an Ecology of Transnational Sports. In Globalization and Sport, ed. Richard Giulianotti and Roland Robertson, 58–78. Malden: Blackwell.
Fizel, John L., and Randall W. Bennett. 2016. College Sports. In The Structure of American Industry, ed. James W. Brock, 297–322. Long Grove: Waveland Press.
Flynn, Daniel J. 2013. The War on Football: Saving America’s Game. Washington, DC: Regnery.
Fulks, Daniel L. 2015. 2004–2014 NCAA Division I Intercollegiate Athletics Programs Report. Indianapolis: National Collegiate Athletics Association.
Goldblatt, David. 2008. The Ball Is Round: A Global History of Soccer. New York: Ballantine Books.
Goudsouzian, Aram. 2010. King of the Court: Bill Russell and the Basketball Revolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Guttmann, Allen. 1978. From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sport. New York: Columbia University Press.
———. 1994. Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Halberstam, David. 1999. Playing for Keeps: Michael Jordan and the World He Made. New York: Random House.
Hartmann, Douglas. 2003. Race, Culture and the Revolt of the Black Athlete: The 1968 Olympic Protests and Their Aftermath. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hoberman, John. 1997. Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Jable, J. Thomas. 1979. The Birth of Professional Football: Pittsburgh Athletic Clubs Ring in Professionals in 1892. Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 62(2): 131–147.
Jackson, Sarah J. 2014. Black Celebrity, Racial Politics, and the Press: Framing Dissent. New York: Routledge.
Kelly, John D. 2006. The American Game: Capitalism, Decolonization, World Domination, and Baseball. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.
Kelly, William W. 2007. Is Baseball a Global Sport? America’s ‘National Pastime’ as Global Field and International Sport. Global Networks 7(2): 187–201.
Keys, Barbara. 2006. Globalizing Sport: National Rivalry and International Community in the 1930s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kirsch, George B. 2007. Baseball and Cricket: The Creation of American Team Sports, 1838–72. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Klein, Alan M. 2006. Growing the Game: The Globalization of Major League Baseball. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Korr, Charles P. 2002. The End of Baseball as We Knew It: The Players Union, 1960–81. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
LaFeber, Walter. 1999. Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism. New York: W.W. Norton.
Lamster, Mark. 2006. Spalding’s World Tour: The Epic Adventure that Took Baseball around the Globe and Made It America’s Game. New York: Public Affairs.
Lapchick, Richard. 2014a. The 2014 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Football League. Orlando: UCF Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport.
———. 2014b. The 2014 Racial and Gender Report Card: National Basketball Association. Orlando: UCF Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport.
———. 2015. The 2015 Racial and Gender Report Card: Major League Baseball. Orlando: UCF Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport.
Lechner, Frank J. 2015. Sport and Nation in the Global Age. In Routledge Handbook of the Sociology of Sport, ed. Richard Giulianotti, 398–407. New York: Routledge.
Leifer, Eric M. 1995. Making the Majors: The Transformation of Team Sports in America. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
Levine, Peter. 1985. A.G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball: The Promise of American Sport. New York: Oxford University Press.
Litsky, Frank. 1980. Jesse Owens Dies of Cancer at 66; Hero of the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The New York Times, April 1.
Louis, Joe. 1947. My Life Story. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce.
MacCambridge, Michael. 2004. America’s Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation. New York: Random House.
Mandelbaum, Michael. 2010. The World Cup and US Exceptionalism. The New Republic, June 24.
Mangan, J.A. 2007. Epilogue: ‘Empire in Denial’: An Exceptional Kind of Imperialism. In Sport and American Society: Exceptionalism Insularity, and ‘Imperialism,’, ed. Mark Dyreson and J.A. Mangan, 249–252. New York: Routledge.
Margolick, David. 2005. Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling, and a World on the Brink. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Markovits, Andrei S., and Steven L. Hellerman. 2001. Offside: Soccer and American Exceptionalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
———. 2003. Women’s Soccer in the United States: Yet Another American Exceptionalism. Soccer and Society 4(2/3): 14–29.
McCallum, Jack. 2013. Dream Team: How Michael, Magic, Larry, Charles, and the Greatest Team of All Time Conquered the World and Changed the Game of Basketball Forever. New York: Ballantine.
MLB. 2015. Opening Day Rosters Feature 230 Players Born Outside the U.S. mlb.com. http://m.mlb.com/news/article/116591920/opening-day-rosters-feature-230-players-born-outside-the-us/. Accessed 9 Aug 2016.
Mrozek, Donald J. 1983. Sport and American Mentality, 1880–1910. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
NBA. 2015. NBA Rosters Feature 100 International Players For 2015–16, Including Records In Africa, Brazil. nba.com. http://www.nba.com/global/nba_rosters_feature_100_international_players_2015_10_27.html. Accessed 9 Aug 2016.
———. 2016. History Made by International Players at 2016 NBA Draft. nba.com. http://global.nba.com/news/history-made-by-international-players-at-2016-nba-draft/. Accessed 9 Aug 2016
NBATV. 2012. The Dream Team [Documentary]. nba.com, July 5.
NBHoF [National Baseball Hall of Fame]. 2002. Baseball as America: Seeing Ourselves through Our National Game. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society.
Oriard, Michael. 1991. Sporting with the Gods: The Rhetoric of Game and Play in American Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
———. 1993. Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
———. 2009. Bowled Over: Big-Time College Football from the Sixties to the BCS Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
———. 2010. Brand NFL: Making and Selling America’s Favorite Sport. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Owens, Jesse, and Paul G. Neimark. 1970. Blackthink: My Life as a Black Man and White Man. New York: Morrow.
———. 1972. I Have Changed. New York: Morrow.
PBS [Public Broadcasting System]. 2012. American Experience: Jesse Owens. pbs.org, May. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/owens/. Accessed 7 Aug 2016
———. 2013. League of Denial: The NFL’s Concussion Crisis. pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/league-of-denial/transcript/. Accessed 7 Aug 2016.
PBS [Public Broadcasting System Independent Lens]. 2014. The Trials of Muhammad Ali. pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/films/trials-of-muhammad-ali/. Accessed 8 Aug 2016.
Pomerantz, Gary M. 2013. Their Life’s Work: The Brotherhood of the 1970s Pittsburgh Steelers, Then and Now. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Pope, S.W. 1997. Patriotic Games: Sporting Traditions in the American Imagination, 1876–1926. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rader, Benjamin G. 2008. Baseball: A History of America’s Game. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Rampersad, Arnold. 1997. Jackie Robinson: A Biography. New York: Ballantine Books.
Reaves, Joseph A. 2002. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Remnick, David. 1998. King of the World: Muhammad Ali and the Rise of the American Hero. New York: Random House.
Riess, Steven A. 1980. Touching Base: Professional Baseball and American Culture in the Progressive Era. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Robinson, Jackie. 1995 [1972]. I Never Had It Made: An Autobiography. New York: HarperCollins.
Rogin, Gilbert. 1963. We Are Grown Men Playing a Child’s Game. Sports Illustrated, November 18.
Ross, Murray. 1971. Football Red and Baseball Green: The Heroics and Bucolics of American Sport. Chicago Review 22(2/3): 30–40.
Rossi, John P. 2000. The National Game: Baseball and American Culture. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
Russell, Bill. 1966. Go Up for Glory. New York: Coward-McCann.
Seymour, Harold. 1960. Baseball, Volume I: The Early Years. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 1971. Baseball, Volume II: The Golden Age. New York: Oxford University Press.
Small, Geoff. 2008. Black Power Salute [Documentary]. BBC Four, July 9.
Smith, Ronald A. 1988. Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Maureen M. 2006. Bill Russell: Pioneer and Champion of the Sixties. In Out of the Shadows: A Biographical History of African American Athletes, ed. David W. Wiggins, 223–239. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press.
Spalding, Albert G. 1992 [1911]. America’s National Game: Historic Facts Concerning the Beginning, Evolution, Development and Popularity of Base Ball. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Tygiel, Jules. 1983. Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press.
———. 2000. Past Time: Baseball as History. New York: Oxford University Press.
Van Bottenburg, Maarten. 2001. Global Games. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Vishnoi, Naveen. 2013. The 9 Most Valuable IPL Franchises. the richest.com. http://www.therichest.com/sports/the-9-most-valuable-ipl-franchises/. Accessed 7 Aug 2016
Voigt, David Q. 1976. America through Baseball. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
———. 1983. Baseball, Volume II: From the Commissioners to Continental Expansion. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Ward, Geoffrey C. 1994. Baseball: An Illustrated History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Watterson, John S. 2000. College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Werron, Tobias. 2010. Der Weltsport und Sein Publikum: Zur Autonomie und Entstehung des Modernen Weltsports. Weilerswist: Velbrück Wissenschaft.
White, G. Edward. 1996. Creating the National Pastime: Baseball Transforms Itself, 1903–1953. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wiggins, David K. 1997. Glory Bound: Black Athletes in a White America. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Wilson, John. 1994. Playing by the Rules: Sport, Society, and the State. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Wolff, Alexander. 2002. Big Game, Small World: A Basketball Adventure. New York: Warner Books.
Zeiler, Thomas W. 2006. Ambassadors in Pinstripes: The Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of American Empire. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lechner, F.J. (2017). “Almost an Island unto Itself”: The American Sports Exception. In: The American Exception, Volume 1. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58717-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58717-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58716-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58717-6
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)