Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Translation, Interpretation and the Danish Conquest of England, 1016

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Translations In Times of Disruption

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting ((PTTI))

Abstract

Through an investigation of key factors in translation and interpretation (time, distance and language) this chapter explores how eleventh- and twelfth-century historians responded to the Danish Conquest (1016). It considers translations of language and of ideas by employing comparative studies of narratives written within and outside England, including the eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Encomium Emmae Reginae, and new renderings of these in Gaimar’s Anglo-Norman French Estoire des Engleis and in Latin works by Orderic Vitalis, William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon and John of Worcester. Ideas about the use of Latin and vernaculars and the role of genre are reassessed; it is asserted that what appear to be minor alterations in translation can, and do, effect a transformation in the received pictures of past disruption.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For explorations of these themes, see R. Fleming (1991) Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); I. Howard (2005) ‘Harold II: a Throne-worthy King’ in G. R. Owen-Crocker (ed.) King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer), pp. 35–52; S. Baxter (2007) The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

  2. 2.

    E. M. C. van Houts (1995) ‘The Norman Conquest through European Eyes’, English Historical Review, CX, 843–853; see also D. Bates (2006) ‘William the Conqueror and his Wider Western European World’, Haskins Society Journal, XV, 73–87.

  3. 3.

    See also: D. Asimakoulas (2009) ‘Rewriting’ in M. Baker and G. Saldanha (eds) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge), pp. 241–245.

  4. 4.

    A. Jorgensen (2010) ‘Rewriting the Æthelredian Chronicle: Narrative Style and Identity in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS F’ in A. Jorgensen (ed.) Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History (Turnhout: Brepols), pp. 113–138.

  5. 5.

    Hereafter, respectively: Orderic, William (unless referring to William of Jumièges), John, Henry, Gaimar.

  6. 6.

    ‘Se Cnut gewende him ut mid his flotan. 7 wearð þet earme folc þus beswican þurh hine. 7 wænde þa suðweard oð þæt he com to Sandwic. 7 let þær up þa gislas þe his fæder gesealde wæron. 7 cearf of heora handa 7 heora nosa’. ASC (versions C: Abingdon Chronicle II – manuscript Cotton Tiberius B.i, D: Worcester Chronicle – manuscript Cotton Tiberius B. iv, D: Peterborough (or Laud) Chronicle, manuscript Laud misc. 636; herafter all these versions cited as CDE) 1014. This and subsequent ASC quotations from J. M. Bately et al (eds.) (1996–2004) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, 8 vols (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer), V–VII; translations from M. Swanton (ed. and transl.) (2000) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, revised edn. (London: Phoenix Press), p. 145.

  7. 7.

    ASC (CDE) 1016.

  8. 8.

    E. M. C. van Houts (ed. and transl.) (1992–1995) The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press) II, 5–7, pp. 14–19 (hereafter cited as GND); see also E. M. C. van Houts (2015) ‘Normandy’s View of the Anglo-Saxon Past in the Twelfth Century’ in M. Brett and D. A. Woodman, The Long Twelfth-Century View of the Anglo-Saxon Past (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 125–126.

  9. 9.

    GND, II, 7, pp. 18–19.

  10. 10.

    GND, II, 4, pp. 10–13.

  11. 11.

    GND, II, 6–7, pp. 16–17.

  12. 12.

    ‘Nullis criminum existentibus culpis’, GND, II, 6, pp. 14–17. William of Jumièges is the first writer to allege a massacre and describe the day’s atrocities: see GND, II, p. 16 n.1.

  13. 13.

    ASC (CDE) 1013; GND, II, 7, pp. 18–19.

  14. 14.

    GND, II, 7, pp. 16–17.

  15. 15.

    ‘Cuius impetum Londonienses non ualentes ferre illius seruitutis iugo colla ferina inuiti subposuere’, GND, II, 7, pp. 18–19.

  16. 16.

    ‘Adelredus…ab Anglis se uidit funditus destitui’, GND, II, 7, pp. 18–19.

  17. 17.

    E. Christiansen (ed. and transl.) (1998) Dudo of St Quentin: History of the Normans, (Woodbridge: Boydell Press), pp. 25–26. On William of Jumièges’s project to revise Dudo, recording the rise of Normandy through the deeds of its dukes, see E. M. C. van Houts (2003) ‘Historical Writing’ in C. Harper-Bill and E. M. C. van Houts (eds) A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer), pp. 105–107.

  18. 18.

    ‘[Swein], domine rex, licentia a te accepta abiit, ut fratrem suum inibi interfectum ulcisceretur…ac mauult ibi exul degens amicusque factus Anglorum, quos tua manu uicit, gloriari, quam exercitum reducens tibi subdi tibique uictoriam ascribi’, in A. Campbell (ed and transl.) (1949) Encomium Emmae Reginae (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society), pp. 10–11.

  19. 19.

    ‘Hac illaque patria priuati inter primos hostes regis paenas luent’, Encomium Emmae, pp. 10–11.

  20. 20.

    Cnut does eventually outlaw Thorkell, which the encomiast would have known: ASC (CDE) 1021.

  21. 21.

    E. A. Winkler (2013) ‘England’s Defending Kings in Twelfth-Century Historical Writing’, Haskins Society Journal, XXV, 147–163; E. A. Winkler (2013) ‘Royal Responsibility in Post-Conquest Invasion Narratives’, DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford.

  22. 22.

    Compare, for example, J. Gillingham (2000) The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity and Political Values (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer), pp. 6–7 and pp. 128–129.

  23. 23.

    M. Salama-Carr (2007) ‘Introduction’ in M. Salama-Carr (ed.) Translating and Interpreting Conflict (Amsterdam: Rodopi), p. 7.

  24. 24.

    R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk (eds.) (transl. J. Bray and P. McGurk) (1995–) The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), II [1014], pp. 478–479 (hereafter cited as JW).

  25. 25.

    JW [1014], II, pp. 478–479; ASC (CDE) 1014.

  26. 26.

    J. P. Gates (2013) ‘The Fulmannod Society: Social Valuing of the (Male) Legal Subject’ in L. Tracy (ed.) Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 132–134, 141–143, 147–148.

  27. 27.

    Compare the blindings in ASC (CDE) 993, 1006; for the view that these would probably not have appeared arbitrarily violent to its audience, see S. Keynes (1986) ‘A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, XXXVI, 195–217, at 212–213; see also: D. Whitelock (1968) ‘Wulfstan Cantor and Anglo-Saxon law’ in A. H. Orrick (ed.) Nordica et Anglica (The Hague: Mouton), pp. 83–87. See also K. van Eickels (2004) ‘Gendered Violence: Castration and Blinding as Punishment for Treason in Normandy and Anglo-Norman England’, Gender & History, XVI, 588–602, esp. at 588–590; L. Tracy (2013) ‘A History of Calamities? The Culture of Castration’ in L. Tracy (ed.) Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 19–24.

  28. 28.

    ASC (CDE) 1014; as in note 5 above ‘Cnut himself…hands and noses’.

  29. 29.

    The addition of this detail could be an attempt to not only enhance the vivid picture of Cnut’s grave actions, but also to show Cnut asserting dynastic superiority over the English: see Tracy, ‘A History of Calamities?’, pp. 19–22.

  30. 30.

    R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom (eds. and transl.) (1998–1999) Gesta Regum Anglorum, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press), I, pp. 310–311, II, p. 179 (hereafter cited as GR); compare ASC (CDE) 1014. See also J. Gillingham (2001) ‘Civilizing the English? The English Histories of William of Malmesbury and David Hume’, Historical Research, LXXIV, 17–43, at 37. On the significance of Scandinavian practice in the punishments, see also van Eickels, ‘Gendered Violence’, 100–101; compare E. Z. Tabuteau (2003) ‘Punishments in Eleventh-Century Normandy’ in W. C. Brown and P. Górecki (eds) Conflict in Medieval Europe: Changing Perspectives on Society and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 131–149.

  31. 31.

    Compare ASC (CDE) 1014; discussed above, pp. 176 and 183.

  32. 32.

    The story (not in ASC or JW) is first recorded by Henry of Huntingdon; it may originate from oral tradition: see C. E. Wright (1939) The Cultivation of Saga in Anglo-Saxon England (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd), pp. 191–197; compare Henry of Huntingdon, below in note 36 ‘but in Henry’s version…concordatus est’ and with I. Short (ed. and transl.) (2009) Estoire des Engleis (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 232–233 (hereafter cited as Estoire).

  33. 33.

    GR, I, pp. 316–319, II, pp. 180–188.

  34. 34.

    See M. Strickland (1998) ‘Provoking or Avoiding Battle? Challenge, Duel and Single Combat in Warfare of the High Middle Ages’ in M. Strickland (ed.) Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France: Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium (Stamford: Paul Watkins), p. 329.

  35. 35.

    ‘Uerum quia ambo non indebite regnum efflagitent quod patres amborum tenuerint, conuenire prudentiae ut depositis animositatibus Angliam partiantur. Susceptum est hoc dictum ab utroque exercitu magnoque assensu firmatum, quod et aequitati conquadraret, et mortalium paci tot miseriis defatigatorum placide consuleret…Ita Edmundus unanimi clamore omnium superatus concordiae indulsit, fedusque cum Cnutone percussit, sibi Westsaxonum, illi concedens Mertiam’, GR, I, pp. 318–319, II, pp. 180–189.

  36. 36.

    See D. Roffe (2010) ‘The Danes and the Making of the Kingdom of the English’ in H. Tsurushima (ed.) Nations in Medieval Britain (Donington: Shaun Tyas), pp. 40–41; see also D. M. Hadley (2008) ‘The Creation of the Danelaw’ in S. Brink and N. Price (eds.) The Viking World (Abingdon: Routledge), pp. 375–378. On identity and integration in the Danelaw, see D. M. Hadley (2002) ‘Viking and Native: Re-thinking Identity in the Danelaw’, Early Medieval Europe, XI, 45–70, esp. at 46–53.

  37. 37.

    D. Greenway (ed. and transl.) (1996) Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 352–355 (hereafter cited as HA); compare ASC (CDE) 1014.

  38. 38.

    ‘Cnut uero intime dolens, gentem illam sui causa destructam, perrexit cum nauibus ad Sandwic’, HA, pp. 352–355; compare ASC (CDE) 1014, discussed above, p. 176.

  39. 39.

    HA, pp. 366–371 and pp. 410–411.

  40. 40.

    HA, pp. 360–361; compare ASC (CDE) 1016.

  41. 41.

    See for example Estoire, p. 40 and pp. 114–115.

  42. 42.

    Compare S. Crane (1999) ‘Anglo-Norman Cultures in England, 1066–1460’ in David Wallace (ed.) The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 35–60, at p. 40; A. Bell (1950) ‘Gaimar’s Early “Danish” Kings’, Publications of the Modern Language Association, LXV, 601–640.

  43. 43.

    ‘Tut cel païs a sei turnad. / De tutes parz vindrent Engleis / si se pristent a Cnuth li reis’, Estoire, pp. 228–231.

  44. 44.

    Genre and Gaimar’s aristocratic audience are reflected here. On these themes, see for example P. Dalton (2007) ‘Geffrei Gaimar’s Estoire des Engleis, Peacemaking, and the ‘Twelfth-Century Revival of the English Nation’, Studies in Philology, CIV, 427–454.

  45. 45.

    Estoire, pp. 228–229.

  46. 46.

    Estoire, pp. 228–231.

  47. 47.

    ‘Ke dirraie des dous regnez? / Chescons fu richement chasiez. / Ore regnouent plus üelement / ke ne funt frere ne parent, / e plus s’entreamerent [c]il dui / ke ne funt frere, ço qui’, Estoire, pp. 238–241.

  48. 48.

    M. Chibnall (ed. and transl.) (1969–80) Ecclesiastical History, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press), II, pp. 184–189, 238–241, 248–249 (hereafter cited as HE).

  49. 49.

    See e.g. D. Roach (2016) ‘Orderic Vitalis and the First Crusade’, Journal of Medieval History, XLII, 177–201.

  50. 50.

    ‘Denique post multas strages defuncto Egelredo rege et Edmundo Irniside filio eius Angliam optinuit, et ipse postmodum filiique eius Heraldus et Hardecunutus plus quam xl annis possedit’, HE, II, pp. 244–245.

  51. 51.

    M. Chibnall (1978) ‘Feudal society in Orderic Vitalis’, Anglo-Norman Studies, I, 35–48; M. Chibnall (1970) ‘Les droits d’héritage selon Orderic Vital’, Revue historique de droit français et étranger, 4 série, XLVIII, 347; M. Chibnall (1996) The World of Orderic Vitalis (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

  52. 52.

    HE, II, ‘Introduction’, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii.

  53. 53.

    ‘Prolixam digressionem sed nisi fallor non inutilem protelaui, ed de priscis annalibus collecta recensui, ut causa manifeste pateat studioso lectori, cur Anglos agrestes et pene illitteratos inuenerint Normanni, quos olim optimis institutionibus sollerter instruxerunt pontifices Romani’, HE, II, pp. 246–247.

  54. 54.

    ‘Sic omnipotentis Dei iusto nutu postquam electi de transitoriis ad æterna migrarunt, dum Daci ut iam descripsimus diuino et humano metu carentes per Angliam diu debachati sunt. Humana exercitia quæ semper ad nefas prona sunt, subtractis rectoribus cum uirga disciplinæ per infandos actus abominabilia facta sunt’, HE, II, pp. 246–247.

  55. 55.

    HA, pp. 366–369.

  56. 56.

    Compare R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall (eds. and transl.) (1998) The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 2–3.

  57. 57.

    HE, IV, pp. 80–97.

  58. 58.

    ‘Interea Normannico fastu Angli opprimuntur, et præsidibus superbis qui regis monitus spernebant admodum iniuriabantur’, HE, II, pp. 202–203.

  59. 59.

    ‘Amissa itaque libertate Angli uehementer ingemiscunt, et uicissim qualiter intolerabile iugum sibique hactenus insolitum excutiant subtiliter inquirunt. Igitur ad Suenum regem Danorum dirigunt, adque ut regnum Angliæ quod Suenus et Chunutus aui eius armis optinuerunt reposcat expetunt’, HE, II, pp. 202–203.

  60. 60.

    Orderic ‘knew and loved’ Bede’s works: Chibnall, The World of Orderic Vitalis, pp. 9–10.

  61. 61.

    On the importance of Orderic’s early life to his work as an historian, see E. M. C. van Houts (2016) ‘Orderic Vitalis and his Father, Odelerius’ in C. C. Rozier et al. (ed.) Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works and Interpretations (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

  62. 62.

    For the view that Orderic gave a voice to the victimized English, see E. M. C. van Houts, ‘Normandy’s View of the Anglo-Saxon Past’, pp. 127–130, 137, 140.

  63. 63.

    Compare William of Jumièges and Dudo of St Quentin, above in notes 7 to 16, and with E. M. C. van Houts, ‘Normandy’s View of the Anglo-Saxon Past’, pp. 124–126, 137.

Bibliography

Primary Sources

  • Bately, J. M. et al (eds.) (1996–2004) The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition, 8 vols. (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. (ed. and transl.) (1949) Encomium Emmae Reginae (London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibnall, M. (ed. and transl.) (1969–80) Ecclesiastical History, 6 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, E. (ed. and transl.) (1998) Dudo of St Quentin: History of the Normans, (Woodbridge: Boydell Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darlington, R. R. and McGurk, P. (eds.) (transl. J. Bray and P. McGurk) (1995–) The Chronicle of John of Worcester, 3 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. H. C. and Chibnall, M. (eds. and transl.) (1998) The Gesta Guillelmi of William of Poitiers (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenway, D. (ed. and transl.) (1996) Historia Anglorum: The History of the English People (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mynors, R. A. B., Thomson, R. M., Winterbottom, M. (eds. and transl.) (1998–1999) Gesta Regum Anglorum, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, I. (ed. and transl.) (2009) Estoire des Engleis (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Houts, E. M. C. (ed. and transl.) (1992–1995) The Gesta Normannorum Ducum of William of Jumièges, Orderic Vitalis, and Robert of Torigni, 2 vols. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Google Scholar 

Secondary Sources

  • Asimakoulas, D. (2009) ‘Rewriting’ in Baker, M. and Saldanha, G. (eds.) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, D. (2006) ‘William the Conqueror and His Wider Western European World’, Haskins Society Journal, XV, 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, S. (2007) The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, A. (1950) ‘Gaimar’s Early “Danish” Kings’, Publications of the Modern Language Association, LXV, 601–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chibnall, M. (1970) ‘Les droits d’héritage selon Orderic Vital’, Revue historique de droit français et étranger, 4 série, XLVIII, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibnall, M. (1978) ‘Feudal society in Orderic Vitalis’, Anglo-Norman Studies, I, 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chibnall, M. (1996) The World of Orderic Vitalis (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crane, S. (1999) ‘Anglo-Norman Cultures in England, 1066–1460’ in David Wallace (ed.) The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, P. (2007) ‘Geffrei Gaimar’s Estoire des Engleis, Peacemaking, and the “Twelfth-Century Revival of the English Nation”’, Studies in Philology, CIV, 427–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, R. (1991) Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gates, J. P. (2013) ‘The Fulmannod Society: Social Valuing of the (Male) Legal Subject’ in L. Tracy (ed.) Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillingham, J. (2000) The English in the Twelfth Century: Imperialism, National Identity and Political Values (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillingham, J. (2001) ‘Civilizing the English? The English Histories of William of Malmesbury and David Hume’, Historical Research, LXXIV, 17–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, D. M. (2008) ‘The Creation of the Danelaw’ in S. Brink and N. Price (eds.) The Viking World (Abingdon: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadley, D. M. (2002) ‘Viking and Native: Re-thinking Identity in the Danelaw’, Early Medieval Europe, XI, 45–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, I. (2005) ‘Harold II: A Throne-worthy King’ in G.R. Owen-Crocker (ed.) King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, A. (2010) ‘Rewriting the Æthelredian Chronicle: Narrative Style and Identity in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS F’ in A. Jorgensen (ed.) Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History (Turnhout: Brepols).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Keynes, S. (1986) ‘A Tale of Two Kings: Alfred the Great and Æthelred the Unready’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, XXXVI, 195–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roach, D. (2016) ‘Orderic Vitalis and the First Crusade’, Journal of Medieval History, XLII, 177–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roffe, D. (2010) ‘The Danes and the Making of the Kingdom of the English’ in H. Tsurushima (ed.) Nations in Medieval Britain (Donington: Shaun Tyas).

    Google Scholar 

  • Salama-Carr, M. (2007) ‘Introduction’ in M. Salama-Carr (ed.) Translating and Interpreting Conflict (Amsterdam: Rodopi).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strickland, M. (1998) ‘Provoking or Avoiding Battle? Challenge, Duel and Single Combat in Warfare of the High Middle Ages’ in M Strickland (ed.) Armies, Chivalry and Warfare in Medieval Britain and France: Proceedings of the 1995 Harlaxton Symposium (Stamford: Paul Watkins).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabuteau, E. Z. (2003) ‘Punishments in Eleventh-Century Normandy’ in W. C. Brown and P. Górecki (eds) Conflict in Medieval Europe: Changing Perspectives on Society and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracy, L. (2013) ‘A History of Calamities? The Culture of Castration’ in L. Tracy (ed.) Castration and Culture in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eickels, K. (2004) ‘Gendered Violence: Castration and Blinding as Punishment for Treason in Normandy and Anglo-Norman England’, Gender & History, XVI, 588–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Houts, E. M. C. (1995) ‘The Norman Conquest through European Eyes’, English Historical Review, CX, 843–853.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Houts, E. M. C. (2003) ‘Historical Writing’ in C. Harper-Bill and E. M. C. van Houts (eds) A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Houts, E. M. C. (2015) ‘Normandy’s View of the Anglo-Saxon Past in the Twelfth Century’ in M. Brett and D. A. Woodman, The Long Twelfth-Century View of the Anglo-Saxon Past (Farnham: Ashgate).

    Google Scholar 

  • van Houts, E. M. C. (2016) ‘Orderic Vitalis and his Father, Odelerius’ in C. C. Rozier et al. (ed.) Orderic Vitalis: Life, Works and Interpretations (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitelock, D. (1968) ‘Wulfstan Cantor and Anglo-Saxon law’ in A. H. Orrick (ed.) Nordica et Anglica (The Hague: Mouton).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, E. A. (2013) ‘England’s Defending Kings in Twelfth-Century Historical Writing’, Haskins Society Journal, XXV, 147–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, E. A. (2013) ‘Royal Responsibility in Post-Conquest Invasion Narratives’, DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, C. E. (1939) The Cultivation of Saga in Anglo-Saxon England (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. St Edmund Hall and Balliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Emily A. Winkler

  2. Department of History, University College London, London, UK

    Emily A. Winkler

Authors
  1. Emily A. Winkler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emily A. Winkler .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medieval & Modern Languages, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

    David Hook

  2. Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom

    Graciela Iglesias-Rogers

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Winkler, E.A. (2017). Translation, Interpretation and the Danish Conquest of England, 1016. In: Hook, D., Iglesias-Rogers, G. (eds) Translations In Times of Disruption. Palgrave Studies in Translating and Interpreting. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58334-5_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58334-5_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-58333-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-58334-5

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation