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Emotional & Multiple Intelligences: 10 Different Ways of Being Smart

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Abstract

The constructs of emotional intelligence and multiple intelligences show that there are more ways to identify human capacities than just through logical and linguistic intelligence, as traditionally measured by I.Q. This chapter explores the role of multiple intelligences in enhancing the effectiveness of holistic leaders. By harnessing rational, emotional, inter/intra personal, and spiritual intelligences, leaders can recognize and nurture the myriad gifts that people bring to work. The concept of multiple intelligences, as propounded by the Harvard Psychologist Howard Gardner, challenges the conventional view of intelligence that focuses on language and mathematical intelligence and recognizes various additional forms of intelligence to account for excellence in music, language, sports, and the like.

The role of emotions in our lives can hardly be overemphasized. To feel emotions is to be human. Emotional intelligence has come to be widely recognized as a key component of effective leadership. It has become an increasingly popular competency recently for identifying and developing effective leaders. Emotional intelligence is about properly managing emotions in oneself and others. The chapter also explores the role of empathy in leadership success. It concludes with reviewing spiritual intelligence and its role in holistic leadership.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Quoted by Steve Minter, When Leaders Lose Their Way, IndustryWeek, Sep 1, 2015. Retrieved February 10, 2016: http://www.industryweek.com/leadership/when-leaders-lose-their-way.

  2. 2.

    Mayer, J., D. Caruso, & P. Salovey (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27(4), 267–298. See also: Peter Salovey & John D. Mayer, “Emotional intelligence,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1990, 9 (3), 185–211. Goleman, D. (2001). An EI-based theory of performance. In C. Cherniss & D. Goleman (Eds.), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace (pp. 27–44). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

  3. 3.

    As quoted in Moshe Zeidner, Gerald Mathews, and Richard D. Roberts, What We Know about Emotional Intelligence: How It Affects Learning, Work, Relationships, and Our Mental Health (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2012), 13.

  4. 4.

    Quoted in Moshe Zeidner, Gerald Mathews, and Richard D. Roberts, What We Know about Emotional Intelligence, ix.

  5. 5.

    Retrieved February 25, 2015: https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=emotional%20intelligence.

  6. 6.

    Retrieved February 25, 2015: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=emotional+intelligence&btnG=&as_sdt=1%2C5.

  7. 7.

    Moshe Zeidner, Gerald Matthews, and Richard D. Roberts, What We Know about Emotional Intelligence, xiv.

  8. 8.

    As quoted ibid., 33.

  9. 9.

    Daniel Goleman, The Brain and Emotional Intelligence: New insights (Northampton, MA: More Than Sound, LCC, 2011).

  10. 10.

    Salovey says he and John “Jack” were equal coauthors, and Jack got his name first because of a coin toss. The team has gone on to publish numerous articles: Opinion cited in Joshua Freedman, Emotional WHAT? Definitions and History of EQ, January 26, 2010. Six Seconds: The Emotional Intelligence Network. Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://www.6seconds.org/2010/01/26/emotional-intelligence-definition-history/.

  11. 11.

    See Peter Salovey & John Mayer, Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1990, 9: 185–211. Also see John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey, & David R. Caruso, Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 2008, 63, 503–517.

  12. 12.

    See John Mayer & Peter Salovey, “What is emotional intelligence?” In Peter Salovey & David Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (New York, New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3–31.

  13. 13.

    Quoted in Joshua Freedman, Emotional WHAT? Definitions and History of EQ, January 26, 2010. Six Seconds: The Emotional Intelligence Network. Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://www.6seconds.org/2010/01/26/emotional-intelligence-definition-history/.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., 6.

  15. 15.

    See John D. Mayer, The Four Branch Model of Emotional Intelligence. Retrieved March 5, 2016: http://www.unh.edu/emotional_intelligence/ei%20What%20is%20EI/ei%20fourbranch.htm.

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    Reuven Bar-On, The Bar-On Model. Retrieved March 5, 2016: http://www.reuvenbaron.org/wp/the-bar-on-model/.

  18. 18.

    Reuven Bar-On, The Bar-On Model. Retrieved March 5, 2016: http://www.reuvenbaron.org/wp/description-of-the-eq-i-eq-360-and-eq-iyv/.

  19. 19.

    See Zeidner et al., 114. Also see Reuven Bar-On, How Important Is It to Educate People to be Emotionally Intelligent, and Can it be Done? In Reuven Bar-On, J.G. Maree, and Maurice Jesse Elias, (eds.), Educating People to be Emotionally Intelligent (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2007), 4.

  20. 20.

    Ibid.

  21. 21.

    Catherine S. Daus and Neal M. Ashkanasy, “Will the real emotional intelligence please stand up? On deconstructing the emotional intelligence ‘debate’”, The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist, 41 (2), (2003): 69–72.

  22. 22.

    Daniel Goleman, What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, January 2004 Reprint: Best of HBR 1998, 1.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., 2–3.

  24. 24.

    See Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, Harvard Business Review, March–April 2000, 4; Daniel Goleman, What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, January 2004 Reprint: Best of HBR 1998, 4; and Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal leadership, 39–52.

  25. 25.

    Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal Leadership: Unleashing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013), 3.

  26. 26.

    As quoted in Sharon Shinn, “Intelligence at Work,” BizEd, September/October, 2003, 23.

  27. 27.

    Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, Primal Leadership, ix.

  28. 28.

    Daniel Goleman, Leadership That Gets Results, HBR, March–April, 2000, 2.

  29. 29.

    Goleman, Boyatzis, and McKee, Primal Leadership, 3.

  30. 30.

    As cited in Robert R. Cooper, The Other 90 %: How to Unlock Your Vast Untapped Potential for Leadership and Life (New York: Crown Business; Later Printing edition, 2002), 18. See also James M. Kouzes & Barry Z. Posner, Encouraging the Heart: A Leader’s Guide to Rewarding and Recognizing Others (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 7.

  31. 31.

    Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, 153.

  32. 32.

    Wei Chen, Ruth Jacobs, & Lyle Spencer, “Calculating the competencies of stars.” In Daniel Goleman (Ed.) Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1998), 377–380.

  33. 33.

    Kathleen Cavallo & Dottie Brienza (n.d.). Emotional competence and leadership excellence at Johnson & Johnson: The emotional intelligence and leadership study, 2001. Retrieved Mach 6, 2016: http://www.eiconsortium.org/reports/jj_ei_study.html.

  34. 34.

    Steven J. Stein & Howard E. Book, The EQ Edge: Emotional Intelligence and Your Success, 3rd Edition (Ontario: Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint, 2011), 17.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: Why It can Matter more than IQ (New York: Bantam Books, 1995). Daniel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence: Why It can Matter more than IQ (New York: Bantam Books, 1998).

  37. 37.

    Robert R. Cooper, The Other 90 %: How to Unlock Your Vast Untapped Potential for Leadership and Life (New York: Crown Business; Later Printing edition, 2002), 232.

  38. 38.

    Daniel Goleman, “Why aren’t we more compassionate?” A Ted Talk, March 2007. Interactive Transcript retrieved March 2016: http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_goleman_on_compassion/transcript?language=en.

  39. 39.

    Daniel Goleman, Richard Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal Leadership, 249; 250.

  40. 40.

    Ibid., 251.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Dainel Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence (New York: Bantam Books, 1998), 32.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., 19.

  44. 44.

    Ibid.

  45. 45.

    Ibid., 1–19.

  46. 46.

    See Goleman, Working with Emotional Intelligence, 79–80.

  47. 47.

    Robert R. Cooper, The Other 90 %, 12–25.

  48. 48.

    Ibid., 15–16.

  49. 49.

    Ibid., 16–18.

  50. 50.

    Ibid., 18–25.

  51. 51.

    Robert Sternberg’s Letter to the Editor of the APA Monitor (Source: American Psychological Association letters ).

  52. 52.

    Moshe Zeidner, Gerald Matthews, and Richard D. Roberts, What We Know about Emotional Intelligence, 10; 22.

  53. 53.

    Ibid., 16.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., 18.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., 373.

  56. 56.

    Ibid., 371.

  57. 57.

    Howard Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: New Horizons in Theory and Practice (New York: Basic Books, revised edition, 2006), 5–6.

  58. 58.

    Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 33–34. Gardner, Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People’s Minds (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2004). Gardner, Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (New York: Basic Book, 1993).

  59. 59.

    Howard Gardner & Thomas Hatch, “Multiple Intelligences Go To School: Educational Implications of the Theory of Multiple Intelligences.” Educational Researcher, 1989, 18(8), 4–9.

  60. 60.

    As described on Gardner’s official website, Oasis: http://multipleintelligencesoasis.org/about/the-components-of-mi/ Also see Gardner, Intelligence Reframed. Gardner started with seven intelligences originally and later added “naturalistic” intelligence.

  61. 61.

    Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://multipleintelligencesoasis.org/what-mi-am-i/.

  62. 62.

    Gardner, The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 12.

  63. 63.

    Gardner, Intelligence Reframed, 128.

  64. 64.

    Perry D. Klein, Multiplying the Problems of Intelligence by Eight: A Critique of Gardner’s Theory, Canadian Journal of Education/Revue canadienne de l’éducation, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), 377–394.

  65. 65.

    Daniel T. Willingham, Reframing the Mind: Howard Gardner became a hero among educators simply by redefining talents as “intelligences.” Check the Facts, Education Next, Summer, 2004, 19–24. Retrieved March 15, 2016: http://educationnext.org/files/ednext20043_18.pdf.

  66. 66.

    As cited Ibid., 24.

  67. 67.

    Mindy Kornhaber cited in Thomas Armstrong, Multiple Intelligences in the Classroom (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development; ASCD Member Book, 3rd edition, 2009), 190.

  68. 68.

    Goleman, “Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences.” October 29, 2011. Q & A entry. Retrieved February 27, 2016: http://www.danielgoleman.info/howard-gardner-multiple-intelligences/.

  69. 69.

    As quoted in Goleman, Emotional Intelligence, 1995, 41–42.

  70. 70.

    Cindy Wigglesworth, Why Spiritual Intelligence Is Essential to Mature Leadership. Integral Leadership Review, 2006, retrieved March 15, 2016: http://andyatwood.com/uploads/2/8/4/4/2844368/spiritual-intelligence-n-mature-leadership.pdf.

  71. 71.

    Parker J. Palmer, A Hidden Wholeness: The Journey Toward an Undivided Life (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2009).

  72. 72.

    See Robert A. Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns: Motivation and Spirituality in Personality (New York: The Guilford Press, 2009), 157–179. Donah Zohar, ReWiring the Corporate Brain: Using the New Science to Rethink How We Structure and Lead Organizations (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 1997). Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, SQ: Connecting With Our Spiritual Intelligence (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2000). Danah Zohar, Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live By (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc., 2004). Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, Spiritual Intelligence: The Ultimate Intelligence (London: Bloomsbury, 2012). Cindy Wigglesworth, SQ21: The 21 Skills of Spiritual Intelligence (New York: Select Books, 2012). Dorothy A. Sisk and E. Paul Torrance, Spiritual Intelligence: Developing Higher Consciousness (Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation, 2001). See also Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 53.

  73. 73.

    Frances Vaughan, “What is spiritual intelligence?” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42(2), (2002):16–33.

  74. 74.

    Ibid.

  75. 75.

    David B. King & Teresa L. DeCicco, “A Viable Model and Self-Report Measure of Spiritual Intelligence,” The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 28, (2009): 68–85.

  76. 76.

    Stephen Covey, The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 53.

  77. 77.

    Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad 3.8.10: यो वा एतदक्शरं गार्ग्यविदित्वास्माल्लोकात्प्रैति स कृपणः He who departs from this world without knowing this Immutable, is miserable. See Swāmī Mādhavānanda, tr., Brihadāraṇyaka UpaniṢad, with the Commentary of Śankarācārya (Kolkata, India: Advaita Ashrama, 2008), 364.

  78. 78.

    Bhagavad Gītā 2.40: स्वल्पम् अप्य् अस्य धर्मस्य त्रायते महतो भयात्: svalpam apy asya dharmasya trāyate mahato bhayāt: even a little practice of this art of selfless action (born of self-knowledge) saves one from the great terror (of repeated conditioned existence).

  79. 79.

    Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns, 179.

  80. 80.

    Retrieved and adapted from Danah Zohar’s website http://danahzohar.com/www2/?p=53.

  81. 81.

    Zohar and Marshall, SQ: Connecting With Our Spiritual Intelligence, 6.

  82. 82.

    Danah Zohar and Ian Marshall, Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live by, 127–131.

  83. 83.

    Howard Gardner, “A case against spiritual intelligence,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), (2000): 27–34.

    Brendan Hyde, “The plausibility of spiritual intelligence: spiritual experience, problem solving and neural sites,” International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 9(1), (2004): 39–52.

  84. 84.

    Gardner, Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 60.

  85. 85.

    Ibid., 22.

  86. 86.

    Gardner, “A case against spiritual intelligence,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10 (1), (2000): 27–34.

  87. 87.

    Frances Vaughan, “What is spiritual intelligence?” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 42 (2), (2002):16–33.

  88. 88.

    Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns, 176.

  89. 89.

    Ibid., 169.

  90. 90.

    Howard Gardner, “A case against spiritual intelligence.”

  91. 91.

    Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns, 164.

  92. 92.

    See Emmons (2000a), “Is spirituality an intelligence? Motivation, Cognition and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern,” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1) (2000): 3–26; Emmons, “Spirituality and intelligence: Problems and prospects,” The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10 (1), (2000): 57–64.

  93. 93.

    Emmons, The Psychology of Ultimate Concerns, 164–166.

  94. 94.

    Based on Swami Parmarthananda, Discourses on Brahma-Sutras, no. 389: Refinement and Fulfillment of Desire.

  95. 95.

    Based on Swami Parmarthananda, Discourses on Śrī Dakśiṇāmūrti Stotram, discourse no. 9 of 16.

  96. 96.

    Bhagavad Gītā 2.16: nāsato vidyate bhāvo nābhāvo vidyate sataḥ.

  97. 97.

    See Cindy Wigglesworth, “Spiritual Intelligence: Living as Your Higher Self.” A Blog Entry. Huffpost Healthy Living. Retrieved March 15, 2016: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/cindy-wigglesworth/spiritual-intelligence_b_1752145.html.

  98. 98.

    Wigglesworth, SQ21, 8.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    Wigglesworth, “Spiritual Intelligence: Living as Your Higher Self.” Also see: We can build a bridge: Cindy Wigglesworth at TEDxSonomaCounty, Retrieved March 22, 2016: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hscdmpKGqrQ.

  101. 101.

    Wigglesworth, SQ21, 123.

  102. 102.

    Margaret Mead, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (New York: Harper Perennial, reprint edition, 2001), 300.

  103. 103.

    See Reuven Bar-On, How Important Is It to Educate People to be Emotionally Intelligent, and Can it be Done?, 1.

  104. 104.

    Howard Gardner, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (New York: Basic Books, 2011), xxxvi; xIiv.

  105. 105.

    Gardner, Intelligence Reframed, 181.

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  1. School of Business, Woodbury University, Burbank, California, USA

    Satinder Dhiman

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Dhiman, S. (2017). Emotional & Multiple Intelligences: 10 Different Ways of Being Smart. In: Holistic Leadership. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55571-7_5

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