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Typing for the Third Reich

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Female Administrators of the Third Reich

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide ((PSHG))

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Abstract

The secretaries who were employed by the Nazis are introduced in this chapter, assessing who they were, what prompted them to work within the Nazi apparatus, and whether these women, who were responsible for typing the Nazi regime’s policies of persecution and extermination, were committed to the cause. This chapter focuses primarily on those women who were working for the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) and considers what they knew about the Holocaust, and how they acquired this knowledge. Particular attention is paid to secretaries working for departments directly concerned with the facilitation of Nazi mass murder, which may have afforded the women an insight into the atrocities being committed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany (Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001), p.55.

  2. 2.

    Tim Mason, Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the National Community, Jane Caplan, ed., translated by John Broadwin (Oxford: Berg, 1995), p.329.

  3. 3.

    Jill Stephenson, The Nazi Organisation of Women (Oxford: Taylor and Francis, 1981), p.181 and see also Heinz Boberach, ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich, Auswahl den geheimen Lageberichten des Sicherheitsdienstes der SS 1939–1944 (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1968), pp.294–295, 384, 405, and Elizabeth Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley, Los Angeles, CA and London: University of California Press, 1999), p.63.

  4. 4.

    Testimony of Stephanie A., 25 July 1967, Topography of Terror Archive (LG Berlin) 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd.XXXIII, pp.85–95, and testimony of Helga B., 28 November 1967, LG Berlin 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIV, pp.168–171. All the documents pertaining to the case against Bovensiepen are also held in the Landesarchiv Berlin (LAB).

  5. 5.

    Jacques R. Pauwels, Women, Nazis and Universities (London: Greenwood Press, 1984), p.122.

  6. 6.

    Testimony of Berta R., 1 January 1965, Landesarchiv Berlin (LAB) B Rep 057.01 2590.

  7. 7.

    Testimony of Ina O., 14 October 1966, Bundesarchiv Berlin BArch, B 162/4558. Along with other women who also feature in files from the BArch LB, some women in this book have been anonymised to protect their identity, unless the women feature in other published sources.

  8. 8.

    Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany, p.55.

  9. 9.

    Testimony of Maria W., 26 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4560.

  10. 10.

    Testimony of Gertrud F., 9 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  11. 11.

    Testimony of Elly S., 22 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  12. 12.

    Testimony of Melida H., 2 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  13. 13.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  14. 14.

    Testimony of Ilse O., 31 July 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  15. 15.

    Testimony of Ursula R., 7 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  16. 16.

    Testimony of Margarete H., 10 November 1965, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XII, pp.119–124.

  17. 17.

    Testimony of Irmgard M., 19 August 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere Bd. XXII, pp.88–92.

  18. 18.

    Testimony of Irene E., 7 August 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  19. 19.

    Author interview with Lieselotte Z., Hannover, Germany, 27 July 2011.

  20. 20.

    Testimony of Gerda G., 9 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  21. 21.

    Testimony of Erika H., 23 April 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  22. 22.

    Testimony of Elsa H., 21 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  23. 23.

    Testimony of Helga D., 12 October 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  24. 24.

    Testimony of Ottilie B., 26 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  25. 25.

    Author interview with Maria E., Pforzheim, Germany, 4 June 2011. Please note, at the request of her family, Maria E. is a pseudonym.

  26. 26.

    C.V. of Frida P., undated, BArch SF B0015.

  27. 27.

    Literally ‘Spring of Life’, this programme provided assistance to the wives of SS men and unmarried mothers. C.V. of Emma R., undated, BArch SF B0024.

  28. 28.

    Letter to the RuSHA, 31 March 1941, BArch SF A0037.

  29. 29.

    3 June 1942, BArch NS 19/1963 and also BArch R58 259.

  30. 30.

    Michael Wildt, An Uncompromising Generation. The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main Office, translated by Tom Lampert (Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009), p.116.

  31. 31.

    Personnel file of Adelheid G., BArch SF A0027.

  32. 32.

    Testimony of Erna G., 19 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  33. 33.

    Testimony of Hildegard vom H., 30 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  34. 34.

    Testimony of Ruth K., 24 September 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  35. 35.

    Testimony of Irene E., 7 August 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  36. 36.

    Testimony of Erika L., 16 September 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  37. 37.

    Testimony of Christa Le., 7 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  38. 38.

    Testimony of Hildegard vom H., 1 February 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  39. 39.

    Testimony of Ursula K., 29 October 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  40. 40.

    Testimony of Gertrud F., 9 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  41. 41.

    Testimony of Rosemarie von G., 12 June 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.297–304.

  42. 42.

    Testimony of Ruth T., 27 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4174.

  43. 43.

    Report about Ingeburg W., 25 May 1944, BArch SF B0045.

  44. 44.

    Report about Irmgard H., 5 January 1944, BArch SF A0037.

  45. 45.

    Report about Charlotte N., 8 May 1941, BArch NS 3/1125.

  46. 46.

    Letter to the RuSHA, 31 March 1941, BArch SF A0037.

  47. 47.

    Gertrud S.’s C.V., 23 July 1942, BArch SF B0035.

  48. 48.

    Report about Ingeburg W., 25 May 1944, BArch SF B0045.

  49. 49.

    Reference for Ingeburg W., 12 December 1943, BArch SF B0045.

  50. 50.

    Letter by Charlotte H., BArch NS 19/892.

  51. 51.

    Dagmar Herzog, Sex After Fascism. Memory and Morality in Twentieth-century Germany (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005), p.13 and see also Helmut Ulshöfer, ed., Liebesbriefe an Adolf Hitler: Briefe in den Tod (Frankfurt am Main: VAS, 1994), Alexander C.T. Geppert, ‘“Dear Adolf!”: Locating Love in Nazi Germany’ in Luisa Passerini, Lilianna Ellena and Alexander C.T. Geppert, eds., New Dangerous Liaisons. Discourses on Europe and Love in the Twentieth Century (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2010) and Henrik Eberle, ed., Letters to Hitler (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2012).

  52. 52.

    Author interview, June 2011.

  53. 53.

    Testimony of Ingrid K., 27 October 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.199–206.

  54. 54.

    Testimony of Susanne S., 30 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  55. 55.

    Testimony of Ottilie B., 26 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  56. 56.

    Testimony of Helga D, 12 October 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  57. 57.

    Letter requesting Ursula S.’s transfer back to the RuSHA, 19 July 1941, BArch SF B0035.

  58. 58.

    Testimony of Ilse B., 13 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4162.

  59. 59.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M, 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  60. 60.

    Testimony of Waleska B., 5 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  61. 61.

    Testimony of Marie K., 25 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  62. 62.

    Testimony of Irma S., 10 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  63. 63.

    Testimony of Herta M, 29 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  64. 64.

    Testimony of Erika S., 25 July 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  65. 65.

    Yaacov Lozowick, Hitler’s Bureaucrats: The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil, translated by Haim Watzman (London; New York: Continuum, 2002) pp.6, 179–180.

  66. 66.

    Testimony of Ilse F., 14 October 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  67. 67.

    Author interview, by email, with Ilse Dannecker, December 2010.

  68. 68.

    Author interview, June 2011.

  69. 69.

    Testimony of Eva N., 25 September 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  70. 70.

    Testimony of Lieselotte W., 12 September 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4560.

  71. 71.

    As mentioned above; testimony of Elisabeth M., 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  72. 72.

    Testimony of Gerda G., 9 August 1966 and testimony of Erna G., 19 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  73. 73.

    Testimony of Marie K., 25 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  74. 74.

    See, for example, Herta B.’s oath, 21 July 1941, BArch SF A0003.

  75. 75.

    See, for example, Leni H.’s oath, 25 September 1944, BArch SF A0034.

  76. 76.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  77. 77.

    Testimony of Ruth T., 15 October 1965, BArch LB, B 162 4174.

  78. 78.

    Testimony of Gisela K., 21 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  79. 79.

    Testimony of Susanne S., 30 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  80. 80.

    Testimony of Adele K., 24 May 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  81. 81.

    Testimony of Elli B., 2 July 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  82. 82.

    Testimony of Eva S., 21 February 1962, BArch LB, B 162/3233.

  83. 83.

    Author interview, June 2011.

  84. 84.

    Testimony of Eva S., 21 February 1962, BArch LB, B 162/3233.

  85. 85.

    Testimony of Elly S., 22 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  86. 86.

    Testimony of Gerda G., 9 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  87. 87.

    Testimony of Christa-Elisabeth L., 5 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  88. 88.

    Testimony of Ina O., 14 October 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  89. 89.

    Author interview, July 2011.

  90. 90.

    C.V. of Tamara W., 1 February 1944, BArch SF A0044.

  91. 91.

    Testimony of Ursula R., 7 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  92. 92.

    Testimony of Erika A., 24 October 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXVIII, pp.127–148.

  93. 93.

    Testimony of Marianna M., 13 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  94. 94.

    Testimony of Gisela K., 21 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  95. 95.

    Testimony of Ingrid K., 27 October 1967LG, Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.199–206.

  96. 96.

    Testimony of Elsa H., 21 June 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  97. 97.

    See, for example, David Cesarani, Eichmann. His Life and Crimes (London: Vintage Books, 2005), p.50, and Hans Safrian, Eichmann’s Men, translated by Ute Stargardt (New York: Cambridge University Press, published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial and Museum, 2010).

  98. 98.

    Testimony of Ingeburg W., 23 May 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4174.

  99. 99.

    Testimony of Maria B., 11 May 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXIX, pp.146–151.

  100. 100.

    Testimony of Erika S., 18 September 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXVII, pp.32–35.

  101. 101.

    Testimony of Ingrid K., 27 October 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.199–206.

  102. 102.

    Testimony of Hildegard vom H., 1 February 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  103. 103.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  104. 104.

    Testimony of Ruth T., 15 October 1965, BArch LB, B 162 4174.

  105. 105.

    Testimony of Irene E., 11 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  106. 106.

    Testimony of Luise H., 7 June 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.53–58.

  107. 107.

    Testimony of Marie K., 8 November 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  108. 108.

    Testimony of Marie K., 23 April 1970, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. 80, pp.131–135.

  109. 109.

    Ulrich Eckhardt, Andreas Nachama, eds., Jüdische Orte in Berlin (Berlin: Nicolai, 2005), pp.20–21.

  110. 110.

    Testimony of Johanna H., 14 June 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XIX, pp.125–148.

  111. 111.

    NB his name is also spelled ‘Mös’, Yaacov Lozowick, Hitler’s Bureaucrats: The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil, translated by Haim Watzman (London; New York: Continuum, 2002) p.95, and see also Yaacov Lozowick, ‘Malice in action’, in David Cesarani, ed., Critical Concepts in Holocaust Studies. Volume III The ‘Final Solution’ (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), p.225.

  112. 112.

    Testimony of Ilse B., 11 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4162.

  113. 113.

    Testimony of Erika A., 24 October 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXVIII, pp.127–148.

  114. 114.

    In September 1945, the Board of the Jewish Community of Salonika filed a lawsuit against these 55 members of the Jewish Community, accusing them of collaborating with the Germans, ensuring they received this special treatment. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Collaboration.html.

  115. 115.

    Testimony of Ruth T., 15 October 1965, BArch LB, B 162 4174.

  116. 116.

    Testimony of Ursula R., 7 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  117. 117.

    Testimony of Helga B., 28 November 1967, LG Berlin 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIV, pp.168–171.

  118. 118.

    Testimony of Margarete H., 10 November 1965, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XII, pp.119–124.

  119. 119.

    Testimony of Johanna Martha G., 7 June 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXII, pp.153–159.

  120. 120.

    Cited in Cesarani, Eichmann, p.197.

  121. 121.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 25 January 1971 and 3 September 1970, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Sonderband II, pp.64–71 g.

  122. 122.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 8 September 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4170.

  123. 123.

    Testimony of Hildegard J., 4 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4168; perhaps she meant Siedlce, or even Kielce, both of which had ghettoes and were in the Generalgouvernement region.

  124. 124.

    Testimony of Hildegard J., 4 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  125. 125.

    Testimony of Ilse B., 11 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4162.

  126. 126.

    Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy. Nazi Propaganda During World War II and the Holocaust (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 2006), p.267 and see also, Robert Gellately, Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).

  127. 127.

    Testimony of Marie K., 25 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  128. 128.

    Testimony of Hildegard vom H., 30 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4168.

  129. 129.

    Testimony of Adele K., 24 May 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4169.

  130. 130.

    Testimony of Margaret R., 6 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  131. 131.

    Testimony of Ilse O., 10 December 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  132. 132.

    Testimony of Grete F., 4 January 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  133. 133.

    Testimony of Erika S., 25 July 1966 and 13 December 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  134. 134.

    Testimony of Marie S., 18 June 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  135. 135.

    Testimony of Ilse B., 11 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4162.

  136. 136.

    Michael Burleigh, Death and Deliverance: ‘Euthanasia’ in Germany c.1900–1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

  137. 137.

    Testimony of Gertrud K., 27 February 1961, BArch LB, B 162/4339.

  138. 138.

    Burleigh, Death and Deliverance, pp.47, 186.

  139. 139.

    Testimony of Irmgard S., 27 February 1961, BArch LB, B 162/4339.

  140. 140.

    Testimony of Erika S., 1 March 1961, BArch LB, B 162/4339.

  141. 141.

    Testimony of Irmgard R., 1 March 1961, BArch LB, B 162/4339.

  142. 142.

    Testimony of Gertraud F., 23 June 1960, BArch LB, B 162/1602.

  143. 143.

    Testimony of Brunhilde S., 29 July 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  144. 144.

    Testimony of Waleska B., 5 March 1955, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  145. 145.

    Testimony of Brunhilde S., 3 July 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  146. 146.

    Testimony of Erna G., 19 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  147. 147.

    Testimony of Susanne S., 30 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  148. 148.

    Testimony of Anneliese S., 11 June 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  149. 149.

    Testimony of Ingeborg D., 9 March 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  150. 150.

    Testimony of Irene E., 7 August 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  151. 151.

    Testimony of Waleska B., 5 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  152. 152.

    Testimony of Erna G., 19 August 1966, BArch LB, B 162/4556.

  153. 153.

    Testimony of Erika S,, 13 October 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4558.

  154. 154.

    Testimony of Waleska B., 14 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  155. 155.

    Testimony of Ingeborg D., 27 June 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4555, and testimony of Brunhilde S., 3 July 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4559.

  156. 156.

    Testimony of Irene E., 7 August 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  157. 157.

    Testimony of Elisabeth K., 6 December 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4557.

  158. 158.

    Testimony of Dorothea F., 24 July 1969, BArch LB, B 162/4555.

  159. 159.

    Testimony of Waleska B., 5 March 1965, BArch LB, B 162/4553.

  160. 160.

    Testimony of Hildegard T., 17 October 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4174.

  161. 161.

    Testimony of Rosemarie von G., 12 June 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.297–304.

  162. 162.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 25 January 1971 and 3 September 1970, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Sonderband II, pp.64–71 g. It is not possible to determine from the source why the keys were important to Eichmann.

  163. 163.

    Nathan Stoltzfus, Resistance of the Heart. Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany (New York and London: Norton, 1996), pp.xv–xvii.

  164. 164.

    Testimony of Johanna H., 14 June 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XIX, pp.125–148.

  165. 165.

    Testimony of Margarete S., 8 June 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXII, pp.45–49.

  166. 166.

    Testimony of Johanna H., June 14, 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XIX, pp.125–148.

  167. 167.

    Lozowick, Hitler’s Bureaucrats, pp.94–96.

  168. 168.

    Testimony of Elisabeth M., 25 January 1971 and 3 September 1970, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Sonderband II, pp.64–71 g.

  169. 169.

    Testimony of Johanna H., 14 June 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XIX, pp.125–148.

  170. 170.

    Testimony of Johanna H., 14 June 1966, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XIX, pp.125–148.

  171. 171.

    Testimony of Ruth T., 15 October 1965, BArch LB, B 162 4174.

  172. 172.

    Testimony of Ursula R., on 7 September 1967, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  173. 173.

    Testimony of Margaret R., 6 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4173. For more information on Stella Kübler, and her wartime activities, see Peter Wyden, Stella (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992).

  174. 174.

    N.B. This is probably the same man Johanna H. refers to as ‘Kurt Naumann’.

  175. 175.

    Testimony of Margaret R., 6 November 1968, BArch LB, B 162/4173.

  176. 176.

    Author interview, June 2011.

  177. 177.

    Testimony of Ingrid K., 27 October 1967, LG Berlin, 3P Ks 1/71 gegen Otto Bovensiepen und andere, Bd. XXXIII, pp.199–206.

  178. 178.

    International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal: Nuremberg, 14 November 1945–1 October 1946, Volume XVII (Nuremberg, 1948).

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    Rachel Century

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Century, R. (2017). Typing for the Third Reich. In: Female Administrators of the Third Reich. Palgrave Studies in the History of Genocide. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54893-1_4

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