Abstract
In this chapter, we summarize the book and our argument that the spaces in which oil extraction continues expanding are sites upon which ideologies of the state and citizenship have been projected. These are spaces in which sensitive ecologies and the people who depend upon them are being compelled via state action or lack thereof down one of two paths: the adoption of a leftist/populist understanding of, and participation in, the structures, practices, and subjectivities of the modern, liberal state; or relegation to further marginalization that borders on obsolescence or even extermination. We discuss the widespread protests in Ecuador in 2015 against the Correa administration, culminating in the mid-August “March for Dignity and Life” that brought together diverse civil-society organizations voicing their concerns over reduced public spending, increasing authoritarianism, rights violations associated with extractive projects in the Amazon, and constitutional amendments that—among other things—ended presidential term limits. Ecuador’s political economy is at crossroads with the drop in international oil prices and treatment of any challenges to the Correa administration as antithetical to the collective good as defined by the state.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Aguilar, M. 2015. Correa’s Constitutional Reforms Are the End of Ecuadorian Democracy. http://panampost.com/maria-aguilar/2015/11/30/correas-constitutional-reforms-are-the-end-of-ecuadorian-democracy/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Al Jazeera. 2015a. Strike brings Ecuador’s capital to a standstill. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/08/general-strike-brings-ecuador-quito-standstill-150813234211406.html. Accessed 27 December 2015.
———. 2015b. Protests erupt as Ecuador lifts presidential term limit. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/protests-erupt-ecuador-lifts-presidential-term-limit-151204060604129.html. Accessed 27 December 2015.
Arendt, H. 1963. On Revolution. New York: Viking Press.
Asamblea Constituyente. 2008. Constitución del Ecuador. http://www.asambleanacional.gov.ec/documentos/Constitucion-2008.pdf. Accessed 2 February 2013.
Astudillo, G. 2013. Entrevista a Juan Cuvi: “No hay revolucion, este proyecto es la modernizacion del capitalismo.” Lalineadefuego. http://lalineadefuego.info/2013/05/28/entrevista-a-juan-cuvi-no-hay-revolucion-este-proyecto-es-la-modernizacion-del-capitalismo/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Beal, D., E. Rueda-Sabater, and S.L. Heng. 2015. Why Well-Being Should Drive Growth Strategies: The 2015 Sustainable Economic Development Assessment. Boston Consulting Group. May 2015. Retrieved from https://www.bcgperspectives.com/Images/BCG-Why-Well-Being-Should-Drive-Growth-Strategies-May-2015.pdf
Bou, P.R. 2011. The Genesis of Elusive Amazonia: Narrative Agency in Branding the “Indian”. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 7(3): 197–205.
Bowen, J.D. 2015. Rethinking Democratic Governance: State Building, Autonomy, and Accountability in Correa’s Ecuador. Journal of Politics in Latin America 7(1): 83–110.
Cepek, M. 2012. A Future for Amazonia: Randy Borman and Cofán Environmental Politics. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
CIAPE (Colectivo de Investigación y Acción Psicosocial Ecuador). 2015. Informe Preliminar sobre las Estrategias Estatates de Control Social y Represión en el Marco del Paro Nacional en Ecuador: 13 al 23 de Agosto de 2015. Quito: Acción Ecológica, CIAPE, People’s Health Movement.
Correa, R. 2009. Ecuador: De Banana Republic a la No República. Bogotá: Debate.
———. 2015. Enlace Ciudadano 437, Pimampiro County, Imbabura Province. 15 August. http://enlaceciudadano.gob.ec/nro-437/. Accessed 17 December 2015.
Cox, R. 2014. Ecuador Economic “Miracle” Meets Maturity. Reuters. 11 September. http://blogs.reuters.com/breakingviews/2014/09/11/ecuador-economic-miracle-meets-maturity/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Cuvi, J., D. Machado, A. Oviedo, and N. Sierra (ed). 2013. El Correismo al Desnudo. Quito: Arcoiris Producción Gráfica.
de la Torre, C. 2013. Technocratic Populism in Ecuador. Journal of Democracy 24(3): 33–46.
Dube, R. 2015. Ecuador’s Assembly Approves Constitutional Reform Package. Wall Street Journal. 3 December. http://www.wsj.com/articles/ecuadors-assembly-approves-constitutional-reform-package-1449189964. Accessed 7 January 2016.
El Comercio. 2015a. Estos son los Cambios a la Constitución dispuestos por la Asamblea Nacional. 4 December. http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/cambios-asamblea-enmiendas-constitucion-ecuador.html. Accessed 18 December 2015.
———. 2015b. Presidente Correa dice que el paro “será un gran fracaso.” 10 August. http://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/presidente-rafaelcorrea-paro-fracaso.html. Accessed 10 December 2015.
Ferguson, J. 2015. Give a Man a Fish. Duke University Press.
Gill, L. 2015. State Formation and Class Politics in Colombia. In State Theory and Andean Politics: New Approaches to the Study of Rule, ed. Christopher Krupa, and David Nugent, 78–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Herrera, J., and S. Jarrín. 2013. Generación y Distribución de Ingresos Petroleros durante el Año 2012 (Lupa Fiscal No. 5). Quito: Grupo FARO. Retrieved from http://www.grupofaro.org/sites/default/files/archivos/publicaciones/2014/2014-02-17/lupa_fiscal_petrolera_2012.pdf
Human Rights Watch. 2014. Ecuador: Flawed Constitutional Reform Proposal. 14 July. https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/07/14/ecuador-flawed-constitutional-reform-proposal. Accessed October 7 2016.
———. 2015. Ecuador: Crackdown on Protesters: Excessive Use of Force, Arbitrary Detentions, Illegal Home Searches. 10 November. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/10/ecuador-crackdown-protesters. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Hutchins, F., and P.C. Wilson. 2010. Editing Eden: A Reconsideration of Identity, Politics, and Place in Amazonia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Justo, M. 2014. Rafael Correa: ¿El Fin de la Revolución Económica en Ecuador? BBC Mundo. 8 July. http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/07/140708_economia_ecuador_viraje_economico_correa_vp. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Karl, T.L. 1997. The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Knoema. 2014. Oil Statistics (Production Costs, Breakeven Price). http://knoema.com/vhzbeig/oil-statistics-production-costs-breakeven-price. Accessed 9 January 2016.
Lu, F. 2012. Petroleum Extraction, Indigenous People and Environmental Injustice in the Ecuadorian Amazon. In International Environmental Justice: Competing Claims and Perspectives, ed. F. Gordan, and G. Freeland, 71–95. Hertfordshire, UK: ILM Publishers.
Lu, F., and N.L. Silva. 2015. Imagined Borders: (Un)bounded Spaces of Oil Extraction and Indigenous Sociality in “Post-Neoliberal” Ecuador. Social Sciences 4: 434–458.
Manosalvas, M. 2014. Buen Vivir o Sumak Kawsay: En Busca de Nuevos Referenciales para la Acción Publica en Ecuador. Iconos 49: 101–121.
Ministerio de Finanzas. 2015. Recorte Adicional de US$800 Millones al PGE 2015. Quito: Ministry of Finances of Ecuador. http://www.finanzas.gob.ec/recorte-adicional-de-us800-millones-al-pge-2015/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Morla, R. 2015a. Correa Sings while Ecuador Erupts in Protest. PanAm Post. 14 August. http://panampost.com/rebeca-morla/2015/08/14/correa-sings-while-ecuador-erupts-in-protest/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
———. 2015b. Rafael Correa’s Citizen Revolution Faces Its Biggest Protest Yet. PanAm Post. 12 August. http://panampost.com/rebeca-morla/2015/08/12/rafael-correas-citizen-revolution-faces-its-biggest-protest-yet/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Ospina, P. 2012. Las Izquierdas y Rafael Correa. Sin Permiso. 30 December. http://www.sinpermiso.info/printpdf/textos/las-izquierdas-y-rafael-correa. Accessed 7 January 2016.
———. 2015. ¿Que hacer?: Autoritarismo y Constitución. Lalineadefuego. 1 December. http://lalineadefuego.info/2015/12/01/que-hacer-autoritarismo-y-constitucion-por-pablo-ospina-peralta/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Ospina Peralta, P. 2013. La Revolución Ciudadana en Ecuador: Conflicto Social, Régimen Disciplinario y Proyecto de Estado. In El Correismo al Desnudo, ed. J. Cuvi, D. Machado, A. Oviedo, and N. Sierra, 26–32. Quito: Arcoiris Producción Gráfica.
Paz, O. 1998. El Ogro Filantrópico. Cuadernos de Economía 17: 12–26.
Pérez, P., C. Vera, and R. Díaz. 2002. Ahora Apuestan al Cansancio: Chiapas, Fundamentos Psicológicos de una Guerra Contemporánea. Mexico City: Grupo de Acción Comunitaria y Centro de Derechos Humanos Miguel Agustín Pro Juárez.
Perreault, T. 2003. Social Capital, Development, and Indigenous Politics in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Geographical Review 93(3): 328–349.
Rappaport, J. 2005. Intercultural Utopias: Public Intellectuals, Cultural Experimentation, and Ethnic Pluralism in Colombia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Ross, M. 2012. The Oil Curse: How Petroleum Wealth Shapes the Development of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sabin, P. 1998. Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993. Environmental History 3(2): 144–168.
Sánchez Parga, J. 2012. Discursos Retrovolucionarios: Sumak Kawsay, Derechos de la Naturaleza y Otros Pachamamismos. La Hora Nacional. 1 February. http://lahora.com.ec/index.php/noticias/show/1101280759#.VoVke_krIQ8. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Sierra, N. 2014. La Revolucion Ciudadana: Entre el Cinismo Economico Capitalista y el Fetichismo Politico Desarrollista. Lalineadefuego. 2 July. http://lalineadefuego.info/2014/07/02/la-revolucion-ciudadana-entre-el-cinismo-economico-capitalista-y-el-fetichismo-politico-desarrollista-por-natalia-sierra/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Streeck, W. 2010. Taking Capitalism Seriously: Towards and Institutionalist Approach to Contemporary Political Economy. Socio-Economic Review: 1–31.
Teleamazonas. 2015. Ministro de Defensa Justifica el Uso de la Fuerza Militar. 19 August. http://www.teleamazonas.com/2015/08/ministro-de-defensa-justifica-el-uso-de-la-fuerza-militar/. Accessed 7 January 2016.
The Economist. 2015. Wily Correa. 19 November. http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21678835-even-if-he-does-not-stand-re-election-president-may-still-run-country-wily-correa?zid=305&ah=417bd5664dc76da5d98af4f7a640fd8a . Accessed 7 January 2016.
Valdivia, G. 2005. On Indigeneity, Change, and Representation in the Northeastern Ecuadorian Amazon. Environment and Planning A 37(2): 285–303.
Wallertein, I. 2015. La Izquierda Latinoamericana Se Mueve a la Derecha. La Jornada. 10 July. http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2015/07/10/index.php?section=opinion&article=023a1pol. Accessed 7 January 2016.
Watts, M.J. 2004. Antinomies of Community: Some Thoughts on Geography, Resources and Empire. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29(2): 195–216.
———. 2005. Righteous Oil? Human Rights, The Oil Complex, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30(1): 373–407.
Welker, M. 2014. Enacting the Corporation: An American Mining Firm in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
White, R. 1991. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lu, F., Valdivia, G., Silva, N.L. (2017). Oil Flux and Unrest. In: Oil, Revolution, and Indigenous Citizenship in Ecuadorian Amazonia. Latin American Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53362-3_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53362-3_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-56462-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-53362-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)