Skip to main content

Education for Citizenship Education and Social Justice in Northern Ireland

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave International Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Social Justice

Abstract

Citizenship education is often focused on inculcating young people into a national community. This role is challenged in divided societies, especially where the typical symbols of national identity are often contested. Northern Ireland is one such place where education is divided on denominational grounds and society is still coming to terms with a legacy of political violence, and national affiliation varies between Britain and Ireland. The chapter outlines the innovative citizenship education curriculum that was developed as part of the peace process and examines the evidence on its effectiveness. The analysis highlights a number of tensions that have emerged, particularly around the delineation of rights and the role of justice, and the challenge for teachers in dealing with controversial issues.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The nomenclature here is complex: a wide variety of terms is used – including ‘ex-combatants’, ‘ex-political prisoners’, ‘terrorists’, or ‘paramilitaries’, all of which potentially carry pejorative overtones.

References

  • Akenson, D. H. (1970). The Irish education experiment: The national system of education in the nineteenth century. London: Routeldge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akenson, D. H. (1973). Education and emnity: The control of schooling in Northern Ireland 1920–1950. London: David and Charles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International. (2013). Northern Ireland: Time to deal with the past. London: Amnesty International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, M. (2001) The challenges of social inclusion in Northern Ireland: Citizenship and life skills. in S. Tawil (Ed.) Curriculum change and social inclusion: Perspectives from the Baltic and Scandinavian countries, final report of the seminar held in Vilnius (pp. 38–43). Open Society Fund-Lithunania/International Bureau of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, M. (2004). Citizenship education in a divided society: The case of Northern Ireland. In S. Tawhil & A. Harley (Eds.), Education, conflict and social cohesion (pp. 255–314). Geneva: International Bureau of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Porath, S. (2011). Wartime citizenship: An argument for shared fate. Ethnicities, 11(3), 313–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, G. (2001) Education for the 21st Century: Report of the post primary review group (Burns Report). Bangor: Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • CCEA (2012). CCEA GCSE specification in learning for life and work. Belfast: Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M. (2001). Irish nationality and citizenship since 1922. Irish Historical Studies, 127, 377–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darby, J. (1997). Scorpions in a bottle: Conflicting cultures in Northern Ireland. London: Minority Rights Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deiana, M.-A. (2013). Women’s citizenship in Northern Ireland after the 1998 agreement. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 399–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education (1998). Towards a culture of tolerance: Integrating education. Bangor: Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Education (1999). Towards a culture of tolerance: Education for diversity. Bangor: Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, G., & Gallagher, T. (2014). Sustaining school partnerships: The context of cross-sectoral collaboration between schools in a separate education system in Northern Ireland. Review of Education, 2(2), 189–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E., & Lukes, S. (Eds.) (2013). The division of labour in society. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, A., & McGrattan, C. (2011). Terroristic narratives: On the (re) invention of peace in Northern Ireland. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(3), 357–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, L. (2012). Conflict, transition and education for ‘political generosity’: Learning from the experience of ex-combatants in Northern Ireland. Journal of Peace Education, 9(3), 277–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, L., Orr, K., & Connolly, P. (2014). Education of the effectiveness of the ‘prison to peace: Learning from the experience of political ex-prisoners’ educational programme. Belfast: OFMDFM.

    Google Scholar 

  • ETI (2015). An evaluation of the impact of the CRED policy in schools and youth organisations, Belfast: Education and Training Inspectorate for Northern Ireland Evaluation Findings. Belfast: CCEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, A. M., Cormack, R. J., & Osborne, R. D. (1994). Religion, equity and education in Northern Ireland. British Educational Research Journal, 20(5), 507–518.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T. (2004). Education in divided societies. London: Palgrave/MacMillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T. (2005). Balancing difference and the common good: Lessons from a post-conflict society. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 35(4), 429–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, E. (2007). Racism and citizenship education in Northern Ireland. Irish Educational Studies, 26(3), 253–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, T. (2011). Response: When war and peace collide. Ethnicities, 11(3), 331–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, R. A. (2010). The evolution of citizenship in a divided urban community: Local citizen engagement in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Urban Affairs Review, 45(3), 336–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heskin, K. (1980). Northern Ireland: A psychological analysis. Dublin: Gill/Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horgan, G., & Rodgers, P. (2000). Young people’s participation in a new Northern Ireland Society. Youth and Society, 32(1), 107–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kisby, B., & Sloam, J. (2012). Citizenship, democracy and education in the UK: Towards a common framework for citizenship lessons in the four home nations. Parliamentary Affairs, 65, 68–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lister, R. (1998). Citizen in action: Citizenship and community development in a Northern Ireland context. Community Development Journal, 33(3), 226–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundy, P. (2009). Can the past be policed? Lessons from the historical enquiries team Northern Ireland. Journal of Law and Social Challenges, 11, 109–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCully, A., & Emerson, L. (2014). Teaching controversial issues in Northern Ireland. In M. Thomas & J. de Groof (Eds.), Cross-cultural case-studies in controversial issues: Pathways and challenges in democratic citizenship education. Oisterwijk: Legal Wolf Publishers, Tilberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, L. (2007). Beneath the rhetoric: Policy approximation and citizenship education in Northern Ireland. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 2(2), 135–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEvoy, L., McEvoy, K., & McConnachie, K. (2006). Reconciliation as a ‘dirty word’: conflict, community relations and education in Northern Ireland. Journal of International Affairs, 60(1), 81–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, C., Tonge, J., & McAuley, J. (2014). The party politics of post-devolution identity in Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 16, 273–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKeever, G., & O’Rawe, M. (2007). Political ex-prisoners and policing in transitional societies – Testing the boundaries of new conceptions of citizenship and security. Internaitonal Journal of Law in Context, 3, 105–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurray, A., & Niens, U. (2012). Building bridging social capital in a divided society: The role of participatory citizenship education, Education. Citizenship and Social Justice, 7(2), 207–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neins, U., & Chastenay, M.-H. (2008). Educating for peace? Citizenship education in Quebec and Northern Ireland. Comparative Education Review, 52(4), 519–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niens, U., & McIlrath, L. (2010). Understandings of citizenship education in Northern \Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: Public discourses among stakeholders in the public and private sectors, Education. Citizenship and Social Justice, 5(1), 73–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neins, U. & O’Connor, U. (2006). Local and global citizenship at key stage 3: Preliminary.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niens, U., & Reilly, J. (2012). Education for global citizenship in a divided society? Young people’s views and experiences. Comparative Education, 48(1), 103–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niens, U., O’Connor, U., & Smith, A. (2013). Citizenship education in divided societies: Teachers’ perspectives in Northern Ireland. Citizenship Studies, 17(1), 128–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, U. (2012). Schools together: Enhancing the citizenship curriculum through a non-formal education programme. Journal of Peace Education, 9(1), 31–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, N., & Gallagher, T. (2010). Education for diversity and mutual understanding. Germany: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. (1976). On the priorities of citizenship in the deep South and Northern Ireland. The Journal of Politics, 38(2), 247–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2003). Citizenship education in Northern Ireland: Beyond national identity? Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(1), 15–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. (2006). The Belfast Agreement and the politics of consociationalism: A critique. The Political Quarterly, 77(2), 217–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watling, R., & Arlow, M. (2002). Wishful thinking: Lessons from the internal and external evaluations of an innovatory education project in Northern Ireland. Evaluation & Research in Education, 16(3), 166–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitty, G., Rowe, G., & Aggleton, P. (1994). Subjects and themes in the secondary-school curriculum. Research Papers in Education, 9(2), 159–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wylie, K. (2004). Citizenship, identity and social inclusion: Lessons from Northern Ireland. European Journal of Education, 39(2), 237–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gallagher, T., Duffy, G. (2016). Education for Citizenship Education and Social Justice in Northern Ireland. In: Peterson, A., Hattam, R., Zembylas, M., Arthur, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51507-0_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51507-0_25

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51506-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51507-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics