Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of hakwon education on students, parents, and Korean society. Since most Korean students experience hakwon education, we need to know how it influences educational life, students’ learning, and society. In relation to this topic, Bray (Adverse effects of private supplementary tutoring: Dimensions, implications, and government response (pp. 29–38). Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO, 2003) first noted its roles and impact in three dimensions: mainstream schools, students, and society. Based on data from many nations, he showed that it has positive and negative impacts on these three dimensions (pp. 29–38). According to his analysis, the positive effects are as follows: complementary teaching of subjects not learned at school and individualized instruction for fast learners. On the other hand, the negative effects are as follows: imbalance in the curriculum between school and hakwons; student’s physical fatigue; reproduction of social inequality; boredom at school; and teachers’ ignoring fast learners.
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Kim, Y.C. (2016). Good and Bad Effects of Hakwon Education. In: Shadow Education and the Curriculum and Culture of Schooling in South Korea. Curriculum Studies Worldwide. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51324-3_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51324-3_7
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