Skip to main content

Reducing Racial Disparities in School Discipline: Structured Decision-Making in the Classroom

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Inequality in School Discipline

Abstract

Yusuf, Irvine, and Bell describe a partnership with the Oakland Unified School District to develop a decision-making tool to guide teachers’ decisions for disciplinary referrals in order to address teacher and administrator discretion in school discipline procedures. The tool was created during a professional development session held with classroom teachers from a middle school in Oakland, California, and guided by a collaborative of local stakeholders. The authors describe the process used to develop the tool, and explore teachers’ perspectives on classroom management and discipline. They conclude that the collaborative process of developing a decision-making tool provided a strategy for teacher voice and input, helping them to realize their role in discipline disparities and alternative responses they could use to manage student behavior in the classroom.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anyon, Y., Jenson, J. M., Altschul, I., Farrar, J., McQueen, J., Greer, E., Simmons, J. (2014). The persistent effect of race and the promise of alternatives to suspension in school discipline outcomes. Children & Youth Services Review, 44, 379–386. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.06.025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balfanz, R., Byrnes, V., & Fox, J. (2014). Sent Home and Put Off-Track: The Antecedents, Disproportionalities, and Consequences of Being Suspended in the Ninth Grade. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 5(2), Article 13. Available at: http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol5/iss2/13

  • Brown, R., Williams, J., Marxer, S., Spiker, S., Chang, A., Feldman, A., Budi, E. (2012). African American male achievement initiative: A closer look at suspensions of African American males in OUSD. Oakland, CA: Urban Strategies Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burdge, H., Hyemingway, Z. T., & Licona, A. C. (2015). LGBTQ Youth and School Pushout. Oakland, CA: Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) Network. Retrieved from http://www.gsanetwork.org/pushout-report

  • Davis, A., Irvine, A., & Ziedenberg J. (2014). Stakeholders’ views of the movement to reduce youth incarceration. (Working Paper). National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiIuio, J. (1995). The coming of the super-predators. The Weekly Standard, 1(11). Retrieved from http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/007/011vsbrv.asp

  • Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to student’s success and juvenile justice involvement. New York: Council of State Governments Justice Center, and College Station, Texas A&M University: Public Policy Research Institute. Retrieved from http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/Breaking_School_Rules.pdf

  • Hoyt, E. H., Schiraldi, V., Smith, B. V., & Ziedenberg, J. (2001). Reducing racial disparities in juvenile detention. In Pathways to juvenile detention Reform #8. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, A., & Yusuf, A. (2015). Nine in ten juvenile-justice involved youth have been disciplined in school: Groundbreaking findings from national study of youth in detention. (Working Paper) Oakland, CA: Impact Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Losen, D. J., Hodson, C., Keith, M. A., Morrison, K., & Belway, S. (2015). Are we closing the school discipline gap? Los Angeles, CA: The UCLA Center for Civil Rights Remedies at The Civil Rights Project.

    Google Scholar 

  • Losen, D. J., & Martinez, T. E. (2013). Out of school & off track: The overuse of suspensions in American middle and high schools. Los Angeles, CA: The Center for Civil Rights Remedies at The Civil Right Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles. Retrieved from http://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/

  • Losen, D. J., & Skiba, R. J. (2010). Suspended education: Urban middle schools in crisis. Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendel, R. (2009). Two decades of JDAI: From demonstration project to national standard. Baltimore, MD: Report to the Annie. E. Casey Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Center on Education Statistics. (2014). Digest of education statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d10/tables/dt10_169.asp

  • Puzzanchera, C., & Adams, B. (2011). Juvenile offenders and victims: National report series: Juvenile arrests 2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shollenberger, T. L. (2015). Racial disparities in school suspension and subsequent outcomes: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. In D. J. Losen (Ed.), Closing the school discipline gap: Equitable remedies for excessive exclusion (pp. 31–43). New York: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, J., & Sharp, C. (2005). Disproportionate minority contact in the juvenile justice system. Washington DC: Child Welfare League of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R. J., Arredondo, M. I., & Williams, N. (2014). More than a metaphor: The contributions of exclusionary discipline to a school-to-prison pipeline. Special Issue: Breaking the pipeline: Understanding, examining, and dismantling the school-to-prison pipeline. Equity and Excellence in Education, 47(4), 546–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R. J., & Peterson, R. L. (2000). School discipline at a crossroads: From zero tolerance to early response. Exceptional Children, 66(3), 335–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhardt, D. (2006). Juvenile detention risk assessment: A practice guide to juvenile detention reform. Baltimore, MD: Report to the Annie. E. Casey Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yusuf, A.R., Irvine, A., Bell, J. (2016). Reducing Racial Disparities in School Discipline: Structured Decision-Making in the Classroom. In: Skiba, R., Mediratta, K., Rausch, M. (eds) Inequality in School Discipline. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51257-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51257-4_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-51256-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-51257-4

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics