Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Race and Access to Green Space

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Addressing Environmental and Food Justice toward Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline

  • 957 Accesses

Abstract

Growing up in the USA, the public schools I attended were all in working-class Communities of Colors where English was most often not the language spoken at home. I went to kindergarten in Hialeah, Florida, and first grade in Hartford, Connecticut. I also finished elementary in San Antonio, Texas, two blocks away from Phipps Plating, a then Superfund site. Right next door was a dairy, but not the kind of dairy where you can see the cows in pastures. The San Antonio River was nearby, but in a concrete channel recessed and out of sight. The Pearl Brewery, a block away, was operating and blowing fumes. US Highway 281 loomed large just 500 feet away.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • AACOG. (2014). Air quality report for TCEQ 2014. Retrieved from http://www.aacog.com/index.aspx?NID=98

  • Allison, B. C., Di Leone DiTomasso, N. A., Goff, L., Atiba, P., Jackson, M. C. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Forest. (2009, May). Urban ecosystem analysis: San Antonio, Texas—Calculating the value of nature. Retrieved from www.americanforests.org, https://webapps1.sanantonio.gov/rfcadocs/R_5633_20091015095327.pdf

  • Aspinall, P., Clow, A., Miller, D., Mitchell, R., Roe, J., & Ward, C. T. (2012). More green space is linked to less stress in deprived communities: Evidence from salivary cortisol patterns. Landscape and Urban Planning, 105, 221–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall, P., & Thompson, C. W. (2011). Natural environments and their impact on activity, health and quality of life. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(3), 230–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berdel, D., Dadvand, P., Fuertes, E., Heinrich, J., Koletzko, S., Markevych, I., et al. (2014). Access to urban green spaces and behavioural problems in children: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. Environment International, 71, 29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bexar County Health Assessment Report. (2013). Health collaborative Bexar county’s community health leadership. Accessed November 15, 2014, from https://iims.uthscsa.edu/sites/iims/files/Newsletters/bexar%20CHA%202013%20final.pdf

  • Booth, J. A., Johnson, D. R., & Harris, R. J. (Eds.). (1983). The politics of San Antonio community progress and power. Lincoln, OR: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, X. (2005). The geography of opportunity race and housing choice in metropolitan America. James A. Johnson Metro Series. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. (1993a). Race and environmental justice in the United States. Yale Journal of International Law, 18(1), 319–335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. (1993b). Confronting environmental racism: Voices from the grassroots. Boston: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R. (1993c). Environmental racism and land use. Land Use Forum: A Journal of Law, Policy and Practice, 2(1), 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard R. (2002). Poverty, pollution and environmental racism: Strategies for building healthy and sustainable communities. Clark Atlanta University: Environmental Justice Resource Center [cited Nov 10 2014]. Retrieved from http://www.ejrc.cau.edu/PovpolEj.html

  • Bullard, R. D. (2005). The quest for environmental justice: Human rights and the politics of pollution. Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullard, R., Johnson, G. S., King, D. W., & Smith, S. L. (2013). Living on the frontline of environmental assault: Lessons from the United States most vulnerable communities. Revista de Educacoa, Ciencias e Matematica, 3(3), 33–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carillo, M., Kosterman, R., van Laar, C., & Sears, D. O. (1997). Is it really racism? The origins of White Americans’ opposition to race-targeted policies. UCLA, Center for Research in Society and Politics. Retrieved from http://escholarship.org/uc/item/00j4p6z2

  • Carmichael, D., Whitten, G., & Voloudakis, M. (2005). Study of minority over-representation in the Texas Juvenile Justice System. Final Report October 2005. Submitted to: The Office of the Governor Criminal Justice Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotrell, C. (1975, April 24–26). Municipal services equalization and internal colonialism in San Antonio, Texas: Explorations in “Chinatown”. Paper presented at the Rocky Mountain Social Science Convention Panel: Internal Colonialism, Phoenix AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado, R. (2009). The law of the noose: A history of Latino lynching. Harvard civil rights—Civil liberties law review (CR-CL) (Vol. 44) (U of Alabama Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2533521). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2533521

  • Downey, L. (2007). US metropolitan-area variation in environmental inequality outcomes. Urban Studies, 44, 953–977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drennon, C. (2006). Social relations spatially fixed: Construction and maintenance of school districts in San Antonio, Texas. Geographical Review, 96(4), 567–593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Protection Agency Enforcement and Compliance History Online. (2014). Retrieved from http://echo.epa.gov/?redirect=echo Zip code search

  • Evans, G. (2006). Child development and the physical environment. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 423–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Equity and Justice Initiative. (2015) Lynching in America: Confronting the legacy of racial terror.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabelo, T., Thompson, M. D., Plotkin, M., Carmichael, D., Marchbanks, M. P., III, & Booth, E. A. (2011). Breaking schools’ rules: A statewide study of how school discipline relates to students’ success and juvenile justice involvement. New York, NY: The Council of State Governments Justice Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. (2004). A potential natural treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1580–1586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faber Taylor, A., & Kuo, F. E. (2009). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 402–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2001). Coping with ADD: The surprising connection to green play settings. Environment and Behavior, 33(1), 54–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faber Taylor, A., Kuo, F. E., & Sullivan, W. C. (2002). Views of nature and self-discipline: Evidence from inner city children. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 49–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flouri, E., Joshi, H., & Midouhas, E. (2014). The role of urban neighbourhood green space in children’s emotional and behavioural resilience. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40(2014), 179–186. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.06.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fry, R. (2012, August 1). The rise of residential segregation by income. Washington, DC. Retrieved from www.pewsocialtrends.org, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2012/08/Rise-of-Residential-Income-Segregation-2012.2.pdf

  • Fuller, R.A., Irvine, K.N., Devine-Wright, P., Warren, P.H. & Gaston, K.J. (2007). Psychological benefits of green space increase with biodiversity. Biology Letters. Royal Society. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149

  • Heitzeg, N. A. (2009). Education or incarceration: Zero tolerance policies and the school-to-prison pipeline. Professor of Sociology and Program Director, Critical Studies of Race/Ethnicity, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, MN. Forum on Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louv, R. (2005). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louv, R. (2007, March, April). Leave no child inside. Orion Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/240

  • Mason, K. (1998). African Americans and race relations in San Antonio, Texas, 1867–1937. New York: Garland Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael Imber Architects. (2014). Hemisfair park edge conditions report. Retrieved from http://www.hemisfair.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/HemisfairCivicParkEdgeCondtions.pdf

  • Miller, C. (2005). On the border: An environmental history of San. Antonio, TX: Trinity University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulido, L. (2000). Rethinking environmental racism: White privilege and urban development in Southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 90(1), 12–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramos, C. (2001). The educational legacy of racially restrictive covenants: Their long term impact on Mexican Americans, 4 Scholar: St. Mary’s Law Review on Race and social justice, 149–184, 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritz, B., & Wilhelm, M. (2008). Air pollution impacts on infants and children. UCLA Institute of Environment and Sustainability. Retrieved from http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article1700.html

  • Rogers, M. B. (1990). Cold anger a story of faith and politics (p. 120). Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • San Antonio Housing Authority. (2013, April 1). Demographic report 2013. Policy, planning, and public affairs. Reporting Period January 2012 to December 2012. Retrieved from http://www.saha.org/pdf/Demographic-Report.pdf

  • Schmiedeler, S., & Schneider, W. (2013). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the early years: Diagnostic issues and educational relevance. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(3), 460–475. doi:10.1177/1359104513489979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, H. (2010, October 15). Housing policy is school policy. Economically integrative housing promotes academic success in Montgomery County, Maryland. The Century Foundation. Rucker C. Johnson. 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sister, C., Wolch, J., & Wislon, J. (2010). Got green? Addressing environmental justice in park provision. Geojournal, 75(3), 229–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwest Workers Union. (2004). Rails of disaster: Union Pacific’s toxic tracks in San Antonio, TX. Retrieved from http://www.swunion.org/EJ/corporate/Toxic%20Tracks%20of%20Union%20Pacific.pdf

  • Strife, S., & Downey, L. (2009). A new direction for environmental inequality research. Childhood development and access to nature. Organization and Environment, 22(1), 99–122. doi:10.1177/106026609333340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Central Registry database. (2014). Search for facilities in San Antonio zip codes. http://www15.tceq.texas.gov/crpub/

  • Texas Education Agency. (2013). PEIMS discipline data for 2013–2014, district level annual discipline summary. Texas Education Agency. Database located: http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/adhocrpt/Disciplinary_Data_Products/Disciplinary_Data_Products.html

  • Texas Juvenile Justice Department. (2015). Public Information request for disposition by schools to law enforcement per zip code for fiscal year ending 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. (2014, March). Civil rights data Collection. Data snapshot: School discipline (Issue Brief No. 1). http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/crdc-discipline-snapshot.pdf

  • United States Department of Commerce American Fact Finder. (2010). Census 2010. Quick Facts for San Antonio. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4865000.html

  • Wood, J. (1982). The model cities program in perspective: The San Antonio, Texas experience. Washington, DC: US GPO. See here for description of reference: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011335983

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. San Antonio, TX, USA

    Carol Mendoza Fisher

Authors
  1. Carol Mendoza Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado, USA

    Anthony J. Nocella II

  2. Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA

    K. Animashaun Ducre

  3. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

    John Lupinacci

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fisher, C.M. (2017). Race and Access to Green Space. In: Nocella II, A., Ducre, K., Lupinacci, J. (eds) Addressing Environmental and Food Justice toward Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50822-5_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50822-5_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-50824-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-50822-5

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation