Abstract
This chapter discusses what is understood by the term narrative by turning to well-known literary and linguistic models to examine prototypical features associated with the discourse of storytelling. A discussion of the purpose of telling stories as a social activity and a closer look at the characteristics of narratives, such as the importance of causation and the presence of Trouble with a capital ‘T’, will provide further insights to contextualise the aims of the book and highlight the important qualities of narrativity and tellability. The chapter goes on to describe the various forms of Prince’s (1988) disnarration, before discussing narrative refusals and textual gaps as unconventional dimensions. As disnarration makes explicit reference to that which does not happen, it simultaneously conjures up ‘what might have been’ negated scenarios, so the concepts of possible worlds, counterfactual storytelling and forked paths that give rise to alternative plots paths are also outlined.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott, H. P. (2008). The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Abbott, H. P. (2013). Real Mysteries, Narrative and the Unknowable. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University.
Alber, J. (2013). Unnatural Narrative. In P. Hühn, J. C. Meister, J. Pier, & W. Schmid (Eds.), The Living Handbook of Narratology. Hamburg: Hamburg University. http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/unnatural-narrative. Accessed 24 October 2018.
Alber. J., Iversen, S., Nielsen H. S., & Richardson, B. (2010). Unnatural Narratives, Unnatural Narratology: Beyond Mimetic Models. Narrative, 18(2), 113–136.
Austen, J. (1817). Northanger Abbey. London: John Murray.
Austen, J. (2003). Northanger Abbey. London: Penguin.
Barnes, J. (2011). The Sense of an Ending. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Barnett, L. (2015). The Versions of Us. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Baroni, R. (2016). Virtualities of Plot and Dynamics of Re-Reading. In R. Baroni & F. Revaz (Eds.), Narrative Sequence in Contemporary Narratologies (pp. 87–106). Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
Baroni, R. (2017). The Garden of Forking Paths: Virtualities and Challenges for Contemporary Narratology. In P. K. Hansen, J. Pier, P. Roussin, & W. Schmid (dir.), Emerging Vectors of Narratology (pp. 247–263). Berlin: de Gruyter, coll. Narratologia.
Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bell, A. (2010). The Possible Worlds of Hypertext Fiction. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Bell, A. (2016). “I Felt Like I’d Stepped Out of a Different Reality”: Possible Worlds Theory, Metalepsis and Digital Fiction. In J. Gavins & E. Lahey (Eds.), World Building: Discourse in the Mind (pp. 15–32). London: Bloomsbury.
Birke, D., Butter, M., & Köppe, T. (2001). Introduction: England Win. In D. Birke, M. Butter, & T. Köppe (Eds.), Counterfactual Thinking/Counterfactual Writing (p. 2). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Borges, J. L. (2000 [1944]). The Garden of Forking Paths. In Collected Fictions (A. Hurley, Trans., pp. 119–128). London: Penguin.
Branigan, E. (1992). Narrative Comprehension and Film. London and New York: Routledge.
Bremond, C., & Cancalon, E. D. (1980). The Logic of Narrative Possibilities. New Literary History, 11(3), 387–411.
Bruner, J. (1991). The Narrative Construction of ‘Reality’. Critical Inquiry, 18, 1–21.
Bruner, J. (1997). Labov and Waletzky Thirty Years On. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7(1–4), 61–68.
Burke, K. (1945). A Grammar of Motives. New York: Prentice Hall.
Chatman, S. (1978). Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Chatman, S. (1990). Coming to Terms: The Rhetoric of Narrative in Fiction and Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Chopin, K. (1993 [1899]). The Awakening (N. A. Walker, Ed.). Boston: Bedford Books.
Cobley, P. (2014). Narrative (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Dancygier, B. (2012). The Language of Stories: A Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dannenberg, H. P. (2008). Coincidence and Counterfactuality: Plotting Time and Space in Narrative Fiction. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
Dannenberg, H. P. (2014). Gerald Prince and the Fascination of What Doesn’t Happen. Narrative, 22(3), 304–311.
Davis, W. A., Jr. (1997). The Rape of Tess: Hardy, English Law, and the Case for Sexual Assault. Nineteenth-Century Literature, 52(2), 221–231.
Dawson, P. (2018, April 18–22). Creativity-Narrativity-Fictionality: A Critical Genealogy. Paper presented to the International Conference on Narrative, McGill University, Montreal.
Dick, P. K. (2015 [1962]). The Man in the High Castle. London: Penguin.
Doležel, L. (1998). Heterocosmica: Fiction and Possible Worlds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fludernik, M. (1996). Towards a ‘Natural’ Narratology. London: Routledge.
Fludernik, M. (2009). An Introduction to Narratology. London: Routledge.
Forster, E. M. (1927). Aspects of the Novel. London: Edward Arnold.
Gavins, J. (2007). Text World Theory: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Gavins, J., & Lahey, E. (2016). World Building: Discourse in the Mind. London: Bloomsbury.
Giovanelli, M. (2013). Text World Theory and Keats’ Poetry: The Cognitive Poetics of Desire, Dreams and Nightmares. London: Bloomsbury.
Green, H. (1929). Living. London: Harvill Harper Collins.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3, pp. 41–58). New York: Academic Press.
Hardy, T. (1891). Tess of the d’Urbervilles. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co.
Hardy, D. (2003). Narrating Knowledge in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Hardy, D. (2005). Towards a Stylistic Typology of Narrative Gaps: Knowledge Gapping in Flannery O’Connor’s Fiction. Language and Literature, 14(4), 363–375.
Herman, D. (2002). Story Logic. London: University of Nebraska Press.
Herman, D. (2003). Stories as a Tool for Thinking. In D. Herman (Ed.), Narrative Theory and the Cognitive Sciences (pp. 163–192). Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Herman, D. (Ed.). (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Iser, W. (1978). The Act of Reading. London: Routledge.
Jeffries, L. (2010). Critical Stylistics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Joyce, J. (1914). Dubliners. London: Grant Richards Ltd.
Karttunen, L. (2008). A Sociostylistic Perspective on Negatives and the Disnarrated: Lahiri, Roy, Rushdie. Partial Answers: Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, 6(2), 419–441.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Labov, W. (1997). Further Steps in Narrative Analysis. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 7(1–4), 395–415.
Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience. In J. Holm (Ed.), Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts (pp. 12–44). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Leech, G. (1983). The Principles of Pragmatics. Harlow: Longman.
Leibniz, G. W. (1952 [1710]). Theodicy (E. M. Huggard, Trans.). London: Routledge.
Lewis, D. (1978). Truth in Fiction. American Philosophical Quarterly, 1, 37–46.
Lewis, D. (1986). On the Plurality of Worlds. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mandler, J., Scribner, S., Cole, M., & DeForrest, M. (1980). Cross-Cultural Invariance in Story Recall. Child Development, 51, 19–26.
McEwan, I. (2001). Atonement. London: Jonathan Cape.
Meyer, S. (2006). Twilight. London: Atom.
Michotte, M. (1963 [1946]). The Perception of Causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen.
Miller, P. (1995). Personal Storytelling in Everyday Life: Social and Cultural Perspectives. In R. S. Wyer (Ed.), Knowledge and Memory: The Real Story: Advances in Social Cognition (Vol. 8, pp. 177–184). London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Miller, P., & Moore, B. B. (1989). Narrative Conjunctions of Caregiver and Child: A Comparative Perspective on Socialization Through Stories. Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology, 17(4), 428–449.
Miller, P. J., Fung, J., & Mintz, J. (1996). Self-Construction Through Narrative Practices: A Chinese and American Comparison of Early Socialization. Ethos, 24(2), 237–280.
Montoro, R. (2018). The Creative Use of Absences, a Corpus Stylistic Approach to Henry Green’s Living. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 23(3), 279–310.
Mosher, H. F., Jr. (1993). The Narrated and Its Negatives: The Nonnarrated and the Disnarrated in Joyce’s Dubliners. Style, 27, 407–427.
Mukařovsky, J. (1964 [1932]). Standard Language and Poetic Language. In P. Garvin (Ed.), A Prague School Reader on Aesthetics, Literary Structure and Style (pp. 17–30). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Ochs, E., & Capps, L. (2001). Living Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Phelan, J. (2017). Somebody Telling Somebody Else, a Rhetorical Poetics of Narrative. Columbus: Ohio State Press.
Popova, Y. (2015a). Narrativity. In V. Sotirova (Ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Stylistic (pp. 488–506). London: Routledge.
Popova, Y. (2015b). Stories, Meaning and Experience: Narrativity and Enaction. London: Routledge.
Prince, G. (1982). Narratology: The Form and Functioning of Narrative. Berlin: Mouton.
Prince, G. (1988). The ‘Disnarrated’. Style, 22(1), 1–8.
Prince, G. (1992). Narratives as Theme: Studies in French Fiction. London: University of Nebraska Press.
Prince, G. (2003). Dictionary of Narratology. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press.
Prince, G. (2005). Narrativity. In D. Herman, M. Jahn, & M.-L. Ryan (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory (pp. 387–388). London: Routledge.
Propp, V. (1968 [1928]). Morphology of the Folktale. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Ricouer, P. (1980). Narrative Time. In W. J. T. Mitchell (Ed.), On Narrative (pp. 165–186). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Robinson, A. (2011). Narrating the Past: Histography, Memory and the Contemporary Novel. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (Eds.). (1995a). What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Roese, N. J., & Olson, J. M. (Eds.). (1995b). Counterfactual Thinking: A Critical Overview. In What Might Have Been: The Social Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rosaler, R. (2016). Conspicuous Silences. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ryan, M.-L. (1991). Possible Worlds, Artificial Intelligence, and Narrative Theory. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ryan, M.-L. (2005). ‘Tellability’. In D. Herman, M. Jahn, & M.-L. Ryan (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory (pp. 589–591). London: Routledge.
Ryan, M.-L. (2007). Toward a Definition of Narrative. In D. Herman (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Narrative (Cambridge Companions to Literature, pp. 22–36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ryan, M.-L. (2013). Possible Worlds. In P. Hühn, J. C. Meister, J. Pier, & W. Schmid (Eds.), The Living Handbook of Narratology. Hamburg: Hamburg University. http://www.lhn.uni-hamburg.de/article/possible-worlds. Accessed 8 October 2017.
Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on Conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (1995). Knowledge and Memory: The Real Story. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Knowledge and Memory: The Real Story (pp. 220–231). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Scholes, R., & Kellogg, R. (1966). The Nature of Narrative. New York: Oxford University Press.
Semino, E. (2005). Possible Worlds: Stylistics Applications. In K. Brown (Ed.), Elsevier Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics (pp. 777–782). London: Elsevier.
Shklovsky, V. (1991 [1925]). Theory of Prose (V. Benjamin Sher, Trans.). Normal: Illinois State University; Champaign, IL: Dalkey Archive Press.
Simpson, P., & Canning, P. (2014). Action and Event. In P. Stockwell & S. Whitely (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Stylistics (pp. 281–299). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sliding Doors. (1998). Directed by Peter Howitt.
Spolsky, E. (2005). Gapping. In D. Herman, M. Jahn, & M.-L. Ryan (Eds.), Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory (pp. 193–194). London: Routledge.
Sternberg, M. (2010). Narrativity: From Objectivist to Functional Paradigm. Poetics Today, 31, 507–659.
Sterne, L. (1996 [1759]). The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. York: R. & J. Dodsley.
Thackeray, W. M. (1848). Vanity Fair. London: Bradbury and Evans.
Todorov, T. (1977). The Poetics of Prose. Oxford: Blackwell.
Toolan, M. J. (2001). Narrative, a Critical Linguistic Introduction (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
Walsh, T. (1998). The Dark Matter of Words: Absence, Unknowing, and Emptiness in Literature. Carbondale: University of Southern Illinois Press.
Warhol, R. R. (2005). Neonarrative; Or, How to Render the Unnarratable in Realist Fiction and Contemporary Film. In J. Phelan & P. Rabinowitz (Eds.), A Companion to Narrative Theory (pp. 220–231). Oxford: Blackwell.
Warhol, R. (2007). Narrative Refusals and Generic Transformation in Austen and James: What Doesn’t Happen in Northanger Abbey and Spoils of Poynton. Henry James Review, 28(3), 259–268.
Warhol, R. (2010). “What Might Have Been Is Not What Is”: Dickens’s Narrative Refusals. Dickens Studies Annual, 41, 45–60.
Warhol, R. (2013). It Is of Little Use for Me to Tell You: George Eliot’s Narrative Refusals. In A. Anderson & H. E. Shaw (Eds.), Companion to George Eliot (pp. 46–61). London: Wiley.
Waugh, P. (1984). Metafiction: The Theory and Practice of Self-Conscious Fiction. New York: Methuen.
Werth, P. (1999). Text Worlds: Representing Conceptual Space in Discourse. London: Longman.
Wilensky, R. (1983). Story Grammars Versus Story Points. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 579–623.
Wilson, P. (2000). Mind the Gap, Ellipsis and Stylistic Variation in Spoken and Written English. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Wolff, T. (1996). Bullet in the Brain. In The Night in Question (pp. 200–206). Bloomsbury: London.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lambrou, M. (2019). Telling Stories. In: Disnarration and the Unmentioned in Fact and Fiction. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50778-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50778-5_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-50777-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-50778-5
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)