Skip to main content

Abstract

This chapter examines the nature of teacher knowledge and its implications for the assistance required by PSTs and ECTs within virtual communities of teachers. The chapter characterises teacher knowledge by identifying two key types of knowing and their relation to teaching practice. From this characterisation, it is argued that novice teachers especially need opportunities for collaborative reflection with other teachers in order to construct, develop, and transform their teacher knowledge. Some conditions for this collaborative reflection—especially trust and collegial-like conversation—are then examined, and the authors contend that virtual communities need to promote high levels of engagement and social presence among the members of the community. The chapter concludes with five general implications for the design of virtual communities of teachers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Arnold, M.B. 1960. Emotion and personality, vol. 1: Psychological aspects. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballou, D., and M. Podgursky. 2000. Reforming teacher preparation and licensing: What is the evidence? Teachers College Record 102(1): 5–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bereiter, C., and M. Scardamalia. 2003. Learning to work creatively with knowledge. In Unravelling basic components and dimensions of powerful learning environments (EARLI Advances in learning and instruction series), eds. E. De Corte, L. Verschaffel, N. Entwistle, and J. van Merriënboer. http://ikit.org/fulltext/inresslearning.pdf.

  • Brower, N., and F. Korthagen. 2005. Can teacher education make a difference? American Educational Research Journal 42: 153–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, M.M.H., S.V.F. Tang, and A.Y.N. Cheng. 2012. Practicalising theoretical knowledge in student teachers’ professional learning in initial teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education 28(6): 781–790. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2012.02.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clandinin, D.J. 1986. Classroom practice: Teacher images in action. Barcombe, UK: The Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M. 2011. El concepte pràctic i la co-mediació representacional de l’activitat [The practical concept and the representational co-mediation of activity]. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M. 2013. The concept of situation and the microgenesis of the conscious purpose in cultural psychology. Human Development 56(2): 113–127. doi:10.1159/000346533.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M. 2014. Understanding teacher knowledge from a cultural psychology approach. Teaching and Teacher Education 43: 110–119. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.07.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M. 2015a. Representation and emotion causation: A cultural psychology approach. Culture & Psychology 21: 37–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M. 2015b. What is reflection? Looking for clarity in an ambiguous notion. Journal of Teacher Education 66: 261–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M., N. Kelly, T. Mauri, and P.A., Danaher. 2015. Can massive communities of teachers facilitate collaborative reflection? Fractal design as a possible answer. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education. doi:10.1080/1359866X.2015.1095280

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M., and T. Mauri. 2009. The development of teaching practice: A working hypothesis based on cultural-historical psychology. The International Journal of Learning 16(7): 275–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarà, M., and T. Mauri. 2013. How triadic dialogue allows a transfer of responsibility in dyadic tutoring. Human Development 56(5): 325–340. doi:10.1159/000354337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A. 2006. The nature and substance of cooperating teacher reflection. Teaching and Teacher Education 22(7): 910–921. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.04.039.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, A., V. Triggs, and W. Nielsen. 2014. Cooperating teacher participation in teacher education: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research 84(2): 163–202. doi:10.3102/0034654313499618.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran-Smith, M. 2001. The outcomes question in teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education 17: 527–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran-Smith, M., and K. Demers. 2010. Research and teacher learning: Taking an inquiry stance. In Teachers as learners, ed. O. Kwo, 13–43. New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran-Smith, M., and S. Lytle. 1999. Relationship of knowledge and practice: Teacher learning in communities. In Review of research in education, vol. 24, ed. A. Iran-Najad and C. Pearson, 249–306. Washington, DC: American Educational Research Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochran-Smith, M., A.M. Villegas, L. Abrams, L. Chavez-Moreno, T. Mills, and R. Stern. 2015. Critiquing teacher preparation research: An overview of the field (Part II). Journal of Teacher Education 66: 109–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling-Hammond, L. 2000. Teacher quality and student achievement: A review of state policy evidence. Education Policy Analysis Archives 8(1). http://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/392/515

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. 1933/1986. How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective thinking to the educative process. In The later works of John Dewey, vol. 8: 1933, ed. J.A. Boydston. 105–352. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elbaz, F. 1981. The teacher’s ‘practical knowledge’: Report of a case study. Curriculum Inquiry 11(1): 43–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S. 2003. Cognitive-experiential self-theory of personality. In Comprehensive handbook of psychology, Personality and social psychology, vol. 5, ed. T. Millon and M.J. Lerner, 159–184. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiman-Nemser, S. 2001. From preparation to practice: Designing a continuum to strengthen and sustain teaching. Teachers College Record 103(6): 1013–1055.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fodor, J.A. 1983. The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D.R., T. Anderson, and W. Archer. 1999. Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education 2(2–3): 87–105. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, D.R., T. Anderson, and W. Archer. 2010. The first decade of the community of inquiry framework: A retrospective. The Internet and Higher Education 13(1–2): 5–9. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.10.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfuso, A., and D.V. Dennis. 2014. Getting reflection off the page: The challenges of developing support structures for pre-service teacher reflection. Teaching and Teacher Education 38: 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldenberg, C. 1991. Instructional conversations and their classroom applications (Educational practice report no. 2) (Paper EPR02). Santa Cruz, CA: National Center for Research on Cultural Diversity and Second Language Learning. http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6q72k3k9.

  • Griffiths, V. 2000. The reflective dimension in teacher education. International Journal of Educational Research 33(5): 539–555. doi:10.1016/S0883-0355(00)00033-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, P. 2008. Responding to our critics: From crisis to opportunity in research on teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education 59: 10–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harford, J., and G. MacRuairc. 2008. Engaging student teachers in meaningful reflective practice. Teaching and Teacher Education 24(7): 1884–1892. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2008.02.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, H.C., D.L. Ball, and S.G. Schilling. 2008. Unpacking pedagogical content knowledge: Conceptualizing and measuring teachers’ topic-specific knowledge of students. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 4: 372–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson-Laird, P.N. 1983. Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Justiniano, B. 2015. Innovación como actividad docente: Una aproximación sociocultural a la comprensión de los procesos de innovación. [Innovation as a teaching activity: A sociocultural approach to the understanding of innovation processes]. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karmiloff-Smith, A. 1992. Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kehrwald, B.A. 2007. Social presence and learner support: Understanding learners’ experiences with mediated social processes in text-based online learning environments. Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, Faculty of Education, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/3555/2/Kehrwald_2007_whole.pdf.

  • Killeavy, M., and A. Moloney. 2010. Reflection in a social space: Can blogging support reflective practice for beginning teachers? Teaching and Teacher Education 26(4): 1070–1076. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korthagen, F.A.J. 2001. Linking practice and theory: The pedagogy of realistic teacher education. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korthagen, F.A.J. 2010. Situated learning theory and the pedagogy of teacher education: Towards an integrative view of student behavior and teacher learning. Teaching and Teacher Education 26: 98–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuusisaari, H. 2014. Teachers at the zone of proximal development—Collaboration promoting or hindering the development process. Teaching and Teacher Education 43: 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2014.06.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R.S. 2006. Emotions and interpersonal relationships: Toward a person-centered conceptualization of emotions and coping. Journal of Personality 74(1): 9–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leontiev, A.N. 1978. Activity, consciousness, and personality. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. 2006. Educating school teachers, (Report no. 2). New York, NY: The Education Schools Project. http://www.edschools.org/teacher_report.htm.

  • Lin, F.-R., S.-C. Lin, and T.-P. Huang. 2008. Knowledge sharing and creation in a teachers’ [sic] professional virtual community. Computers & Education 50(3): 742–756. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.07.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauri, T., M. Clarà, R. Colomina, and J. Onrubia. 2015. Naturaleza de la interacción en procesos de reflexión conjunta sobre situaciones de la práctica por estudiantes de maestro. Papeles de Trabajo sobre Cultura, Educación y Desarrollo Humano 11(2): 105–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauri, T., M. Clarà, R. Colomina, J. Onrubia, and A. Ginesta. 2013. Guiding dialogic joint elaboration of student teachers’ situational representations. Paper presented at the 15th biennial conference of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction, August 27–31, School of Education, Technische Universität, München, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, A., J. Gore, and K. Thomas. 2006. Early career teacher professional learning. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education 34(1): 95–113. doi:10.1080/13598660500480282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, P.C., G. de Graaf, and J. Meirink. 2011. Key experiences in student teachers’ development. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice 17(1): 115–129. doi:10.1080/13540602.2011.538502.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mena, J., E. Sánchez, and H.H. Tillema. 2011. Promoting teacher reflection: What is said to be done. Journal of Education for Teaching: International Research and Pedagogy 37(1): 21–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menon, M.E. 2012. Do beginning teachers receive adequate support from their headteachers? Educational Management Administration & Leadership 40(2): 217–231. doi:10.1177/1741143211427981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, N. 2000. Words and minds: How we use language to think together. London, UK: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, P., and M.J. Koehler. 2006. Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record 108(6): 1017–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orland-Barak, L., and H. Yinon. 2007. When theory meets practice: What student teachers learn from guided reflection on their own classroom discourse. Teaching and Teacher Education 23(6): 957–969. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrenoud, P. 2001. Développer la pratique réflexive dans le métier d'enseignant: Professionalisation et raison pédagogique. Paris, France: ESF éditeur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Postholm, M.B. 2008. Teachers developing practice: Reflection as key activity. Teaching and Teacher Education 24(7): 1717–1728. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2008.02.024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozo, J.L. 2007. Ni cambio ni conceptual: La reconstrucción del conocimiento científico como un cambio representacional. In Cambio conceptual y representacional en el aprendizaje y la enseñanza de la ciencia, ed. J.L. Pozo and F. Flores, 73–89. Madrid, Spain: Machado Libros, S. A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozo, J.L., N. Scheuer, M. Mateos, M.P. Pérez Echevarría, and M. de la Cruz. 2006. Las teorías implícitas sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza. In Nuevas formas de pensar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. Las concepciones de profesores y alumnos vol. 12: Crítica y fundamentos, eds. J.L. Pozo, N. Scheuer, M. del P. Pérez Echevarría, M. Mateos, E. Martin, and M. de la Cruz. 29–54. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial GRAÓ, de IRIF, S. L.

    Google Scholar 

  • Psaltis, C., G. Duveen, and A.-N. Perret-Clermont. 2009. The social and the psychological: Structure and context in intellectual development. Human Development 52(5): 291–312. doi:10.1159/000233261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, C. 2002. Defining reflection: Another look at John Dewey and reflective thinking. Teachers College Record 104(4): 842–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. 1983/1991. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Aldershot, UK: Arena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schön, D. 1987. Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, L. 1986. Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher 15(2): 4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, F.-C., and F.-Y. Kuo. 2014. A study of social participation and knowledge sharing in the teachers’ online professional community of practice. Computers & Education 72: 37–47. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2013.10.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Dijk, T.A., and W. Kintsch. 1983. Strategies in discourse comprehension. New York, NY: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenman, S.A.M. 1984. Perceived problems of beginning teachers. Review of Educational Research 54(2): 143–178. doi:10.3102/00346543054002143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, G. 1999. Dialogic inquiry: Towards a sociocultural practice and theory of education. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, E. 1998. Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wertheimer, M. 1945/1971. Productive thinking. New York, NY: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wopereis, I.G.J.H., P.B. Sloep, and S.H. Poortman. 2010. Weblogs as instruments for reflection on action in teacher education. Interactive Learning Environments 18(3): 245–261. doi:10.1080/10494820.2010.500530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kelly, N., Clarà, M., Kehrwald, B., Danaher, P.A. (2016). Developing Teacher Knowledge and Reflection. In: Online Learning Networks for Pre-Service and Early Career Teachers. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50302-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-50302-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-50301-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-50302-2

  • eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics