Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to outline the context of this book, both in terms of the social phenomenon it studies and the academic debate in which the book situates itself. We start by presenting the language dilemmas that multinational corporations (MNCs) and their employees face in China. The relevant academic debate in this area is followed by a further discussion on the other three key academic concepts studied in this book: adjustment, acceptance and identity. We then outline in more detail how we conceptualise expatriates and local employees and discuss the host context of a contemporary and changing China. Finally, we provide a detailed description of how the different studies drawn upon in this book were conducted and present a summary of the whole book.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Here we associate Westernness with Whiteness because all the Western expatriates interviewed in our research projects are Caucasians. We do not want to imply that Western can automatically be equated with White. Neither do we mean to suggest that all Western expatriates are White. We have chosen to use this term for the reason that all the Nordic expatriates in our research in this book were White Caucasians.
- 2.
The original transcript in Chinese: ……你是中国人, 所以你会懂我说的……
- 3.
The original transcript in Chinese: 有些老外很死板。甚至保守......哦,不知道你在芬兰呆了多久?
Bibliography
Al Ariss, A., Koall, I., Özbilgin, M., & Suutari, V. (2012). Careers of skilled migrants: Towards a theoretical and methodological expansion. Journal of Management Development, 31(2), 92–101.
Arman, G., & Aycan, Z. (2013). Host country nationals’ attitudes toward expatriates: Development of a measure. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(15), 2927–2947.
Bao, C. (2012). Regulation meant to protect Chinese worker’s rights. Retrieved from http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=34265
Barme, G. R. (1995). To screw foreigners is patriotic: China’s avant-garde nationalist. The China Journal, 34(Jul), 209–234.
Barner-Rasmussen, W., & Aarnio, C. (2011). Shifting the faultlines of language: A quantita-tive functional-level exploration of language use in MNC subsidiaries. Journal of World Business, 46(3), 288–295.
Blenkinsopp, J., & Pajouh, M. S. (2010). Lost in translation? Culture, language and the role of translator in international business. Critical Perspectives on International Business, 6, 38–52.
Brock, D. M., Sarason, I. G., Sanghvi, H., & Gurung, R. A. R. (1998). The perceived acceptance scale: Development and validation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(1), 5–21.
Brookfield. (2010). Global relocation trends 2010 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2011). Global relocation trends 2011 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2012). Global relocation trends 2012 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2013). Global relocation trends 2013 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2014). Global relocation trends 2014 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2015). Global relocation trends 2015 survey report. Woodridge Ed., IL.
Brookfield. (2016). Global relocation trends 2016 survey report. Woodridge Ed. IL.
Caprar, D. V. (2011). Foreign locals: A cautionary tale on the culture of MNC local employees. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(5), 608–628.
Carr, S. C., Rugimbana, R., Walkom, E., & Bolitho, F. H. (2001). Selecting expatriates in developing areas: “Country-of-origin” effects in Tanzania? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25(4), 441–457.
Charles, M., & Marschan-Piekkari, R. (2002). Language training for enhanced horizontal communication: A challenge for MNCs. Business Communication Quarterly, 65(2), 9–29.
Charmaz, K. (2010). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
Daniels, J. D., & Cannice, M. V. (2004). Interview studies in international business research. In R. Marschan-Piekkari & C. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research in international business (pp. 185–206). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Dessaint, A. Y. (1980). Minorities of Southwest China: An introduction to the Yi (Lolo) and related peoples and an annotated bibliography. New Haven: HRAF Press.
Eurobarometer, S. (2012). Europeans and their languages. European Commission.
Fan, S. X., & Harzing, A.-W. (2017). Host country employees’ ethnic identity confirmation: Evidence from interactions with ethnically similar expatriates. Journal of World Business, 52(5), 640–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.05.001
Fan, S. X., Cregan, C., Harzing, A.-W., & Köhler, T. (in press). The benefits of being understood: The role of ethnic identity confirmation in knowledge acquisition by expatriates. Human Resource Management. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21839.
Fredriksson, R., Barner-Rasmusen, W., & Piekkari, R. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual organization: The notion of a common corporate language. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 11(4), 406–423.
Froese, F. J. (2010). Acculturation experiences in Korea and Japan. Culture & Psychology, 16(3), 333–348.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Transaction Publishers.
Goodall, K., & Roberts, J. (2003). Repairing managerial knowledge-ability over distance. Organisation Studies, 24(7), 1153–1175. Sage Publications, London.
Gries, P. H. (2004). China’s new nationalism: Pride, politics, and diplomacy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hansen, L. (2006). Security as practice: Discourse analysis and the Bosnian war. London: Routledge.
Harzing, A.-W., & Pudelko, M. (2013). Language competencies, policies and practices in multinational corporations: A comprehensive review and comparison of Anglo-phone, Asian, continental European and Nordic MNCs. Journal of World Business, 48(1), 87–97.
Haslberger, A., Brewster, C., & Hippler, T. (2013). The dimensions of expatriate adjustment. Human Resource Management, 52(3), 333–351.
Heikkilä, J.-P., & Smale, A. (2011). The effects of ‘language standardization’ on the acceptance and use of e-HRM systems in foreign subsidiaries. Journal of World Business, 46, 305–313.
Hinds, P. J., Neeley, T. B., & Cramton, C. D. (2013). Language as a lightning rod: Power contests, emotion regulation, and subgroup dynamics in global teams. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 536–561.
Hippler, T., Caligiuri, P. M., & Johnson, J. (2014). Revisiting the construct of expatriate adjustment. International Studies of Management & Organization, 44(3), 8–24.
Hu, S. H., & Seifman, E. (1987). Education and socialist modernization: A documentary history of education in the People’s Republic of China. New York: AMS Press.
IILS. (2006, March). Decent work, employment and poverty reduction in urban China. Institute of International Labour Studies, MoLSS and the International Labour Organization.
Inkson, K., Arthur, M. B., Pringle, J., & Barry, S. (1997). Expatriate assignment versus overseas experence: International human resource development. Journal of World Business, 2, 351–368.
Janssens, M., & Steyaert, C. (2014). Re-considering language within a cosmopolitan understanding: Toward a multilingual franca approach in international business studies. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(5), 623–639.
Janssens, M., Lambert, J., & Steyaert, C. (2004). Developing language strategies for international companies: The contribution of translation studies. Journal of World Business, 39(4), 414–430.
Jenkins, R. (1997). Categorization and power. In R. Jenkins (Ed.), Rethinking ethnicity: Arguments and explorations. London: Sage.
Koivukangas, O. (2002). The need for multicultural approach in Finland. In O. Koivukangas (Ed.), Entering multiculturalism: Finnish experience abroad (Vol. 4). Turku: Institute of Migration.
Lauring, J. (2008). Rethinking social identity theory in international encounters – Language use as a negotiated object for identity making. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8(3), 343–361.
Lazarova, M., Westman, M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2010). Elucidating the positive side of the work-family interface on international assignments: A model of expatriate work and family performance. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 93–117.
Leonardelli, G., & Toh, S. M. (2011). Perceiving expatriate coworkers as foreigners encourages aid. Psychological Science, 22(1), 110–117.
Locke, K. (2001). Grounded theory in management research. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Luo, Y., & Shenkar, O. (2006). The multinational corporation as a multilingual community: Language and organizational in a global context. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 321–339.
Mackerras, C. (1994). China’s minorities: Integration and modernization in the twentieth century. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Maclean, D. (2006). Beyond English: Transnational corporations and the strategic management of language in a complex multilingual business environment. Management Decision, 44(10), 1377–1390.
Mahajan, A., & Toh, S. M. (2014). Facilitating expatriate adjustment: The role of advice-seeking from host country nationals. Journal of World Business, 49(4), 476–487.
Marschan-Piekkari, R., Welch, C., Penttinen, H., & Tahvanainen, M. (2004). Interviewing in the multinational corporation: Challenges of the organisational context. In R. Marschan-Piekkari & C. Welch (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research in international business (pp. 244–263). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Marx, N. (2002). Never quite a ‘native speaker’: Accent and identity in the L2- and the L1. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(2), 264–281.
Maton, K. (2003). Reflexivity, relationism, & research Pierre Bourdieu and the epistemic conditions of social scientific knowledge. Space and Culture, 6(1), 52–65.
Mayerhofer, H., Hartmann, L. C., Michelitsch-Riedl, G., & Kollinger, I. (2004). Flexpatriate assignments: A neglected issue in global staffing. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15, 1371–1389.
McNulty, Y., & Brewster, C. (2017). Theorizing the meaning (s) of ‘expatriate’: Establishing boundary conditions for business expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(1), 27–61.
Mohan, P. (2015). The journey from being “them” to becoming “us”: A multi perspective qualitative study of Chinese host country national’s acceptance of Indian exatriates working in China (Unpublished Master’s degree thesis). Nottingham Univeristy Ningbo China.
Mohan, P., & Fan, S. X. (2016). The journey from being “Them” to “becoming us”: The acceptance between Indian expatriates and Chinese local employees. Unpublished paper accepted to the 2016 IACMR Annual Conference, Hangzhou, June, 15–19.
Neeley, T. (2012). Global business speaks English: Why you need a language strategy now. hbs.edu.
OECD. (2005). Governance in China. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.rmit.edu.au/10.1787/9789264008441-en
Olsen, J. E., & Martins, L. L. (2009). The effects of expatriate demographic characteristics on adjustment: A social identity approach. Human Resource Management, 48(2), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20281.
Palo, U. (1997). Language skills in inter-unit communication of an internationalising company: The case of Outokumpu (Master’s). Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinki.
Pedersen, E. R., Neighbors, C., Larimer, M. E., & Lee, C. M. (2011). Measuring sojourner adjustment among American students studying abroad. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(6), 881–889.
Rohsenow, J. S. (2004). Fifty years of script and written language reform in the P.R.C. In M. Zhou & H. Sun (Eds.), Language policy in People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949 (pp. 21–43). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Selmer, J., Eric, S. H. L., Lewis, S. C. S., & de Leon, C. T. (2003). Reciprocal adjustment? Mainland Chinese managers in Hong Kong vs. Hong Kong Chinese managers on the mainland. Cross Cultural Management, 10(3), 58–79.
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557–581.
Shaffer, M. A., Kraimer, M. L., Chen, Y.-P., & Bolino, M. C. (2012). Choices, challenges, and career consequences of global work experiences a review and future agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1282–1327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312441834.
Shen, H. M. (2011). Inflow of international immigrants challenges China’s migration policy. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2011/09/08-china-immigrants-shen
Sibley, C. G., & Ward, C. (2013). Measuring the preconditions for a successful multicultural society: A barometer test of New Zealand. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(6), 700–713.
Sinkkonen, E. (2013). Nationalism, patriotism and foreign policy attitudes among Chinese university students. The China Quarterly, 216, 1045–1063.
Skeldon, R. (2011). China: An emerging destination for economic migration. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/china-emerging-destination-economic-migration
StateCouncil. (2000). National minorities policy and its practice in China. Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/employment/2002-11/18/content_633175.htm
Suddaby, R. (2006). From the editors: What grounded theory is not. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 633–642.
Suutari, V., & Brewster, C. (2000). Making their own way: International experience through self-initated foreign assignments. Journal of World Business, 35, 417–436.
Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1040–1064.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Russell, J. E. (2002). Antecedents and consequences of the perceived adjustment of Japanese expatriates in the USA. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(8), 1224–1244.
Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2003). Host country national reactions to expatriate pay policies: A model and implications. Academy of Management Review, 28(4), 606–621.
Toh, S. M., & DeNisi, A. S. (2005). A local perspective to expatriate success. Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 132–146.
Tung, R. L. (2008). Do race and gender matter in international assignments to/from Asia Pacific? An exploratory study of attitudes among Chinese and Korean executives. Human Resource Management, 47(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20199.
Tuñón, M. (2006, April). Internal labour migration in China: Features and responses. Beijing: ILO. Retrieved from http://natlex.ilo.ch/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-beijing/documents/publication/wcms_158634.pdf
Varma, A., Toh, S. M., & Budhwar, P. (2006). A new perspective on the female expatriate experience: The role of host country national categorization. Journal of World Business, 41(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2006.01.010.
Varma, A., Pichler, S., Budhwar, P., & Biswas, S. (2009). Chinese host country nationals’ willingness to support expatriates: The role of collectivism, interpersonal affect and guanxi. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 9(2), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595808101155.
Varma, A., Aycan, Z., Budhwar, P., Pichler, S., Uygur, U., & Paluch, R. (2016). Host country nationals support for expatriates: An investigation in Turkey. European Journal of International Management, 10(6), 605–623.
ViewNews. (2007). Laowai in China. Retrieved from http://view.news.qq.com/zt/2007/laowai/index.htm
Von Busekist, A. (2006). The languages of nationalism. In A. Dieckhoff & C. Jaffrelot (Eds.), Revisiting nationalism: Theories and processes. London: Hurst.
Wang, Y., & Phillion, J. (2009). Minority language policy and practice in China: The need for multicultural education. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 11(1), 1–14.
Wilhoit, G. C., & Weaver, D. (1983). Foreign news coverage in two US wire services: An update. Journal of Communication, 33(2), 132–148.
Xian, H. (2008). Lost in translation? Language, culture and the roles of translator in cross-cultural management research. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal, 3(3), 231–245.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. London: Sage.
Zhang, L. E., & Guttormsen, D. S. (2016). “Multiculturality” as a key methodological challenge during in-depth interviewing in international business research. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(2), 232–256.
Zhang, L. E., & Harzing, A.-W. (2016). From dilemmatic struggle to legitimized indifference: Expatriates’ host country language learning and its impact on the expatriate-HCE relationship. Journal of World Business, 51(5), 774–786.
Zheng, Y. (1999). Discovering Chinese nationalism in China. In Modernization, identity and international relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zhou, M. (1999). The official national language and language attitudes of three ethnic minority groups in China. Language Problems and Language Planning, 23(2), 157–174.
Zhou, M. (2004). Minority language policy in China: Equality in theory and inequality in practice. In M. Zhou & H. Sun (Eds.), Language policy in the People’s Republic of China: Theory and practice since 1949 (pp. 71–95). Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Zuo, X. (2007). China’s policy towards minority languages in globalizing age. Transnational Curriculum Inquiry, 4(1), 80–91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhang, L.E., Harzing, AW., Fan, S.X. (2018). Introduction. In: Managing Expatriates in China. Palgrave Studies in Chinese Management. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48909-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48909-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-48907-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-48909-8
eBook Packages: Business and ManagementBusiness and Management (R0)