Skip to main content

Resistance in Gender Training and Mainstreaming Processes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Politics of Feminist Knowledge Transfer

Part of the book series: Gender and Politics ((GAP))

Abstract

Feminist knowledge transfer and gender mainstreaming are deeply interrelated. Gender mainstreaming requires that institutional and organizational cultures undergo changes to include a gender perspective — based on gender knowledge — into all public policies and processes (Council of Europe, 1998). However, policymakers generally do not have sufficient gender awareness and competence to introduce a gender perspective into all policies, and they tend to work within institutional structures that are mostly gender-blind (Roggeband and Verloo, 2006). Gender training, taken here to mean training commissioned by public institutions and targeted at public administration personnel on how to mainstream gender into their work, is a key process of knowledge transfer (Pauly et al., 2009)1. Not all gender trainings are necessarily processes of feminist knowledge transfer, however. While “gender” knowledge transfer refers to gender as an analytical concept concerning the socially constructed relation between women and men, the “feminist” component of training includes a “goal”, a target for social change. This is of “challenging and changing women’s subordination to men” (Ferree, 2006, p. 6). In feminist, rather than only gender processes of knowledge transfer, change is not expected to come smoothly but rather involves conflict and contestation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 24.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agöcs, Carol (1997) “Institutionalized Resistance to Organizational Change: Denial, Inaction and Repression”, Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 917–931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benschop, Yvonne and Mieke Verloo (2006) “Sisyphus’ Sisters: Can Gender Mainstreaming Escape the Genderedness of Organizations?”, Journal of Gender Studies, 15, 19–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, Mary (2000) “Mainstreaming Gender in the European Structural Funds”. Paper presented at the Mainstreaming Gender in European Public Policy Workshop, October, University of Wisconsin, Madison. http://eucenter.wisc.edu/Conferences/Gender/braith.htm (accessed 8 May 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, Sharon S. and Jack Williams Brehm (1981) Psychological Reactance: A Theory of Freedom and Control. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavaghan, Rosalind (forthcoming) “Bridging Rhetoric and Practice: New Perspectives on Barriers to Gendered Change”, Journal of Women Politics and Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charlesworth, Hilary (2005) “Not Waving but Drowning: Gender Mainstreaming and Human Rights in the United Nations”, Harvard Human Rights Journal, 18, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe (1998) Gender Mainstreaming: Conceptual Framework, Methodology and Presentation of Good Practices. Final Report of Activities of the Group of Specialists on Mainstreaming. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, Mary (2005) “Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice”, Social Politics, 12(3), 433–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derbyshire, Helen (2002) Gender Manual: A Practical Guide for Development Policy Makers and Practitioners. London/Glasgow: DFID. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications/gendermanual.pdf (accessed 8 May 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Díaz Gonzalez, Olga Sofía (2001) Gender and Change in the Organisational Culture. Tools to Construct a Gender-sensitive Organisation. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (DTZ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, Lucy and Maxime Forest (eds.) (2011) OPERA Final Report: Advancing Gender+ Training in Theory and Practice. Vienna: Institute for Human Sciences (IWM). http://www.quing.eu/files/results/final_opera_report.pdf (accessed 13 May 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferree, Myra Marx (2006) “Introduction”, in Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp (eds.) Globalization and Feminism: Opportunities and Obstacles for Activism in the Global Arena. New York: New York University Press, pp. 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafner-Burton, Emile M., and Mark A. Pollack (2009) “Mainstreaming Gender in the European Union: Getting the Incentives Right”, Comparative European Politics, 7(1), 114–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jahan, Rounaq (1995) The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development. London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, Emanuela (ed.) (2009) Final TARGET Report for a Policy Oriented Atlantis Project. Brussels: EACEA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardo, Emanuela and Lut Mergaert (2013) “Gender Mainstreaming and Resistance to Gender Training: A Framework for Studying Implementation”, NORA — Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 21(4), 296–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longwe, Sara Hlupeklle (1995) “The Evaporation of Policies for Women’s Advancement”, in Noeleen Heyzer, Sushma Kapoor, and Joanne Sandler (eds.) A Commitment to the World’s Women: Perspectives on Development for Beijing and Beyond. New York: UNIFEM.

    Google Scholar 

  • —— (1997) “The Evaporation of Gender Policies in the Patriarchal Cooking Pot”, Development in Practice, 7, 148–156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovenduski, Joni (ed.) (2005) State Feminism and Political Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, Steven (2005) Power. A Radical View. 2nd edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazey, Sonia (2000) “Introduction: Integrating Gender — Intellectual and ‘Real World’ Mainstreaming”, Journal of European Public Policy, 7(3), 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGauran, Anne-Marie (2009) “Gender Mainstreaming and the Public Policy Implementation Process: Round Pegs in Square Holes?”, Policy and Politics, 37, 215–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergaert, Lut (2010) Gender in Research – Toolkit and Training Activities, Final Report for tile European Commission, DG Research. Yellow Window Management Consultants. Antwerp.

    Google Scholar 

  • —— (2012) The Reality of Gender Mainstreaming Implementation. Tile Case of tile EU Research Policy. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergaert, Lut and Katlijn Demuynck (2011) Tile Ups and Downs of Gender Mainstreaming in the EU Research Policy — The Gender Toolkit and Training Activities in FP7. Antwerp, Belgium: Policy Research Centre on Equal Opportunities.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mergaert, Lut and Emanuela Lombardo (2014) “Resistance to Implementing Gender Mainstreaming in EU Research Policy”, in Elaine Weiner and Heather MacRae (eds.) The Persistent Invisibility of Gender in EU Policy (Special Issue 1). European Integration online Papers (EloP), pp. 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee and Franz Wong (eds.) (2007) Revisiting Studies and Training in Gender and Development – Tile Making and Re-making of Gender Knowledge. A Global Sourcebook. Amsterdam and Oxford: KIT Netherlands and Oxfam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, Meredith Ann (1995) “The Gendered Nature of Lowi’s Typology: Or Who Would Guess You Could Find Gender Here?”, in Georgia Duerst-Lahti and Rita Mae Kelly (eds.) Gender, Power, Leadership, and Governance. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 141–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pauly, Florence, Lut Mergaert, Susanne Baer, Lucy Nowottnick, Maria Bustelo, Emanuela Lombardo, and Mieke Verloo (2009) QUING Deliverable No. 65: Guidelines for Curricula Standards for Gender+ Training. Vienna: IWM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, Aruna and David Kelleher (2005) “Is There Life after Gender Mainstreaming?”, Gender and Development, 13(2), 57–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, Teresa (1998) Mainstreaming Equality in the European Union. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roggeband, Conny and Mieke Verloo (2006) “Evaluating Gender Impact Assessment in the Netherlands (1994–2004): A Political Process Approach”, Policy and Politics, 34(4), 615–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savage, Michael and Anne Witz (1992) Gender and Bureaucracy. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, Judith (2005) “Is Mainstreaming Transformative? Theorizing Mainstreaming in the Context of Diversity and Deliberation”, Social Politics, 12(3), 366–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stratigaki, Maria (2005) “Gender Mainstreaming vs Positive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy”, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 12(2), 165–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (1997) Report on the Economic and Social Council for 1997. A/52/3.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Eerdewijk, Anouka (2009) “Energies and (Dis)connections: The Practice of Gender Mainstreaming in Dutch Development Cooperation.” Paper presented at the Expert Meeting On Track with Gender, May, The Hague, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verloo, Mieke (2001) Another Velvet Revolution? Gender Mainstreaming and the Politics of Implementation. IWM Working Paper No.S/2001. IWM: Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • —— (2005) “Displacement and Empowerment: Reflections on the Concept and Practice of the Council of Europe Approach to Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality”, Social Politics, 12(3), 344–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —— (2006) “Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union”, European Journal of Women’s studies, 13(3), 211–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walby, Sylvia (2005) “Gender Mainstreaming: Productive Tensions in Theory and Practice”, Social Politics, 12(3), 321–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2016 The Editor(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Lombardo, E., Mergaert, L. (2016). Resistance in Gender Training and Mainstreaming Processes. In: Bustelo, M., Ferguson, L., Forest, M. (eds) The Politics of Feminist Knowledge Transfer. Gender and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48685-1_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics