Abstract
In this chapter, Tonia Bieber offers an introduction into the topic of policy convergence in the education sector, laying the foundation for the subsequent chapters. How far have international organizations with their soft governance-based initiatives contributed to recent reforms in education, and is convergence the logical consequence? After explaining the relevance of this topic, Bieber introduces the empirical examples of three international initiatives under study: the Programme for International Student Assessment study in secondary education, the European Bologna processes in higher education, and the European Union’s Copenhagen process in vocational education and training. Subsequently, the central literature pertinent to internationalization, Europeanization, convergence processes, and soft governance is made applicable to education policy-making. The chapter concludes by providing an overview of the book’s structure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott, K.W., and D. Snidal. 2000. Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. International Organization 54(3): 421–456.
Adelman, C. 2009. The Bologna Process for U.S. Eyes. Washington, DC: IHEP.
Alesi, B. 2005. Stand der Einführung von Bachelor- und Master-Studiengängen im Bologna-Prozess sowie in ausgewählten Ländern Europas im Vergleich zu Deutschland. Berlin: BMBF.
Armingeon, K. 1999. Die Stabilität der eidgenössischen Regierungskoalition in vergleichender Perspektive. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft 28(4): 463–473.
Armingeon, K. 2005. Die schweizerische Wirtschafts- und Fiskalpolitik im internationalen Vergleich. Swiss Political Science Review 11(3): 141–150.
Armingeon, K. 2007. Kleinstaaten in Weltmärkten: Drei Ergänzungen der Katzenstein-These. Zeitschrift für Sozialreform 53(3): 297–320.
Berlin Communiqué. 2003. Realising the European Higher Education area. Communiqué of the Conference of Ministers Responsible for Higher Education in Berlin, 19 September 2003.
Bieber, T. 2013. Transatlantic Diffusion in Higher Education Policy? The Soft Governance of the Bologna Process in the United States. In K. Amos et al. (Eds.), Europäischer Bildungsraum. Europäisierungsprozesse in Bildungspolitik und Bildungspraxis (pp. 123–148). Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Bieber, T. 2015. The EU as a Norm Entrepreneur in Education Policy: An Analysis of the Diffusion of European Ideas and Policies. In A. Bianculli & A. Ribeiro Hoffmann (Eds.), Regional Organizations and Social Policy in Europe and Latin America. A Space for Social Citizenship? Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Bologna Declaration. 1999. The European Higher Education Area. Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education in Bologna, 19 June 1999, Bologna.
Bonoli, G., & Mach, A. 2000. Switzerland: Adjustment Politics Within Institutional Constraints. In F. W. Scharpf & V. A. Schmidt (Eds.), Welfare and Work in the Open Economy. Diverse Responses to Common Challenges 2 (pp. 131–174). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bruges Communiqué. 2010. The Bruges Communiqué on Enhanced European Cooperation in Vocational Education and Training for the Period 2011–2020. Communiqué of the European Ministers for Vocational Education and Training, the European Social Partners and the European Commission in Bruges, 7 December 2010.
Buschor, E., H. Gilomen, and H. McCluskey. 2003. PISA 2000: Synthese und Empfehlungen. Neuchâtel: BFS.
Busemeyer, M.R. 2009. Die Europäisierung der deutschen Berufsbildungspolitik. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
Busemeyer, M.R., and C. Trampusch. 2011a. The Comparative Political Economy of Collective Skill Formation Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Busemeyer, M.R., and C. Trampusch. 2011b. Review Article: Comparative Political Science and the Study of Education. British Journal of Political Science 41(2): 413–443.
Castles, F.G., and H. Obinger. 2008. Worlds, Families, Regimes: Country Clusters in European and OECD Area Public Policy. West European Politics 31(1–2): 321–344.
Clotfelter, C.T. 2010. American Universities in a Global Market. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Commission of the European Communities. 1995. The European Employment Strategy: Recent Progress and Prospects for the Future. Communication from the Commission on Trends and Developments in Employment Systems in the European Union. Brussels.
Copenhagen Declaration. 2002. Declaration on Enhanced European Cooperation in Vocational Education and Training of the European Ministers of Vocational Education and Training, and the European Commission in Copenhagen, 29–30 November 2002.
Cort, P. 2011. Taking the Copenhagen Process Apart. PhD Dissertation, Aarhus University.
de Sigueira, A. C. 2000. The World Bank: New Discourses and the 1999 Education Sector Strategy Paper. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society San Antonia, Texas.
Deacon, B. 2007. Global Social Policy and Governance. London: Sage.
Dobbins, M. 2011. Higher Education Policies in Central and Eastern Europe: Convergence Towards a Common Model? Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Dobbins, M., and T. Bieber. 2015. Bildungspolitik in den USA. In Handbuch Politik USA, ed. C. Lammert, M. Siewert, and B. Vormann. Wiesbaden: VS Springer Verlag.
EDA & EVD. 1999. Bilaterale I. Bern.
EDA & EVD. 2004. Bilaterale II. Bern.
Enders, J. 2004. Higher Education, Internationalization, and the Nation-State: Recent Developments and Challenges to Governance Theory. Higher Education 47(4): 361–382.
Finnemore, M. 1993. International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and Science Policy. International Organization 47(4): 565–597.
Fontana, M., Afonso, A., & Papadopoulos, Y. 2008. Research Note. Putting the Special Case in Its Place: Switzerland and Small-N Comparison in Policy Research. Swiss Political Science Review, 14(3), 521–550.
Freitag, M., and A. Vatter. 2002. Politische Institutionen und kantonale Staatstätigkeit. Projekt zu den politisch-institutionellen Bestimmungsgründen kantonaler Staatstätigkeit. Bern: Schweizer Nationalfonds.
Furlong, P. 2005. British Higher Education and the Bologna Process: An Interim Assessment. Politics 25(1): 53–61.
Goldthorpe, J.H. 1997. Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology: A Debate on Methodological Issues. Comparative Social Research 16: 1–26.
Hackl, E. 2001. Towards a European Area of Higher Education. Florence: EUI.
Hall, P.A., and D. Soskice. 2001. An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism. In Varieties of Capitalism, ed. P.A. Hall and D. Soskice, 1–68. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hega, G.M. 1999. Consensus Democracy? Swiss Education Policy Between Federalism and Subsidiarity. New York: Peter Lang.
Ilon, L. 2002. Agent of Global Markets or Agent of the Poor? The World Bank’s Education Sector Strategy Paper. International Journal of Educational Development 22(5): 475–482.
Jakobi, A.P. 2007. Converging Agendas in Education Policy—Lifelong Learning in the World Bank and the International Labour Organization. In New Arenas of Education Governance, ed. K. Martens, A. Rusconi, and K. Leuze, 95–114. New York: Palgrave.
Jakobi, A., and K. Martens. 2007. Diffusion durch internationale Organisationen: Die Bildungspolitik der OECD. Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderheft 38: 247–270.
Katzenstein, P.J. 1993. Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Katzenstein, P.J. 2003. Small States and Small States Revisited. New Political Economy 8(1): 9–30.
Knill, C. 2005. Introduction: Cross-national Policy Convergence. Journal of European Public Policy 12(5): 764–774.
Knill, C., and J. Tosun. 2008. Policy Making. In Comparative Politics, ed. D. Caramani, 495–519. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knodel, P., et al. (eds.). 2010. Das PISA-Echo. Frankfurt a.M.: Campus.
Kriesi, H., and A.H. Trechsel. 2008. The Politics of Switzerland. Continuity and Change in a Consensus Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kutscha, G. 2007. Nationale Berufsbildungspolitik vor neuen europäischen Herausforderungen. In Berufskollegtag 2007, ed. N.R.W. GEW, 33–50. Essen: GEW.
Lavenex, S. 2006. Switzerland: Between Intergovernmental Co-operation and Schengen Association. In Borders and Security Governance, ed. M. Caparini and O. Marenin, 233–251. Münster: LIT Verlag.
Leibfried, S. 2001. Welfare State Futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lingard, B., & Grek, S. 2007. The OECD, Indicators and PISA. Edinburgh: ESRC/ESF Research Project.
Little, A., W. Hoppers, and R. Gardner. 1994. Beyond Jomitien: Implementing Primary Education for All. London: Macmillan Press.
Mach, A., Häusermann, S., & Papadopoulos, Y. 2002. Reconfiguration of National Decision-Making. Paper Presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops 2002, Torino, 22–27 March 2002.
Mach, A., S. Häusermann, and Y. Papadopoulos. 2003. Economic Regulatory Reforms in Switzerland. Journal of European Public Policy 10(2): 301–318.
Martens, K., A. Rusconi, and K. Leuze. 2007. New Arenas of Education Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Martens, K., et al. (eds.). 2010. Transformation of Education Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Meyer, H. 2006. Gauging the Prospects for Change. In The New Institutionalism in Education, ed. H. Meyer, 217–224. Albany: SUNY Press.
Meyer, J.W., et al. 1997. World Society and the Nation-State. American Journal of Sociology 103(1): 144–181.
Morgan, C. 2006. Educational Harmonization: The Impact of the OECD’s PISA on Educational Policy-Making in Canada and Mexico. Working Paper. San Diego: 47th ISA Annual Convention.
Niemann, D. 2010. Turn of the Tide—New Horizons in German Education Policymaking Through IO Influence. In Transformation of Education Policy, ed. K. Martens et al., 77–104. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Obinger, H. 1998. Federalism, Direct Democracy, and Welfare State Development in Switzerland. Journal of European Public Policy 18(3): 241–263.
Obinger, H., et al. 2010. Transformations of the Welfare State. Small States, Big Lessons. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
OECD. 1994a. Jobs Study, Evidence, and Explanations. Part I. Paris.
OECD. 1994b. Jobs Study, Evidence, and Explanations. Part II. Paris.
Parreira do Amaral, M. 2011. Emergenz eines Internationalen Bildungsregimes? Münster: Waxmann Verlag.
Pépin, L. 2006. The History of European Cooperation in Education and Training. Luxembourg: European Commission.
Powell, J.J.W., N. Bernhard, and L. Graf. 2012. The Emergent European Model in Skill Formation: Comparing Higher Education and Vocational Training in the Bologna and Copenhagen Processes. Sociology of Education 85(3): 240–258.
Riklin, A. 1995. Isolierte Schweiz. Eine europa- und innenpolitische Lagebeurteilung. Swiss Political Science Review 1(2–3): 1–26.
Ross, A. 2000. Curriculum: Construction and Critique. London: Falmer Press.
Sorbonne Declaration. 1998. Joint Declaration on Harmonisation of the Architecture of the European Higher Education System. Paris: Sorbonne.
Tessaring, M., and J. Wannan. 2004. Vocational Education and Training—Key to the Future. Lisbon-Copenhagen-Maastricht: Mobilising for 2010. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Vögtle, E.M., and K. Martens. 2014. The Bologna Process as a Template for Transnational Policy Coordination. Policy Studies 35(3): 246–263.
Wendt, C. et al. 2007. Der Wandel des Interventionsstaates. TranState Working Papers, 50. Bremen: Sfb 597 ‘Staatlichkeit im Wandel’.
Witte, J. 2006. Change of Degrees and Degrees of Change. Enschede: CHEPS.
Wuggenig, U. 2008. Eine Transformation des universitären Feldes: Der Bologna-Prozess in Deutschland und seine Vorgeschichte. In F. Schultheis, P. Cousin, & M. Roca i Escoda (Eds.), Humboldts Albtraum (pp. 123–162). Konstanz: UVK.
Wulfgramm, M., T. Bieber, and S. Leibfried (eds.). 2016. Welfare State Transformations and Inequality in OECD Countries. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Zgaga, P. 2006. Looking Out: The Bologna Process in a Global Setting. On the ‘External dimension’ of the Bologna Process. Oslo: Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bieber, T. (2016). Education in Transition: An Empirical Puzzle. In: Soft Governance, International Organizations and Education Policy Convergence. Transformations of the State. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47695-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47695-1_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-47694-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47695-1
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)