Abstract
This chapter summarizes the major developments and ideas in the field of dark tourism to seismic memorial sites. In recent years many memorial sites regarding seismic hazards including earthquake, tsunami, and volcanic eruption have been established, and at least the epicenter of major earthquake have been marked. However, consumption of dark tourism attraction related to seismic memorials is highly controversial; and the continuing popularity of and fascination with such sites remains a subject of dark touristic debate. The purpose of this chapter is to address wide-ranging studies of dark tourism to memorial sites of seismic hazards such as earthquake, or seismic wave-induced disaster like tsunami and volcanic eruption. The chapter is structured around a series of conceptual themes and debates that have emerged from the literature. This includes an appraisal of the following aspects: creation of seismic memorial sties as a contested phenomenon; consumption of seismic legacy as an ethical dilemma; perception of travel risks mediated with destination image; multi-dimensional experiences interpreted from the visit to seismic attractions. It concludes by discussing the future research and thematic directions of dark tourism to such sites within social, cultural, historical, and political contexts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Antick, P. (2013). Bhopal to Bridgehampton: Schema for a disaster tourism event. Journal of Visual Culture, 12(1), 165–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470412912470524.
Ashworth, G. J. (2002). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. Tourism Management, 23(2), 190–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(01)00055-3.
Ashworth, G., & Hartmann, R. (2005). Horror and human tragedy revisited: The management of sites of atrocities for tourism. New York: Cognizant Communications Corporation.
Balaji, M. (2011). Racializing pity: The Haiti earthquake and the plight of “others”. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2010.545703.
Belhassen, Y., Caton, K., & Stewart, W. P. (2008). The search for authenticity in the pilgrim experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 668–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.007.
Bigley, J. D., Lee, C. K., Chon, J., & Yoon, Y. (2010). Motivations for war-related tourism: A case of DMZ visitors in Korea. Tourism Geographies, 12(3), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.494687.
Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2011). Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.001.
Biran, A., Liu, W., Li, G., & Eichhorn, V. (2014). Consuming post-disaster destinations: The case of Sichuan, China. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.004.
Bird, D. K., Gisladottir, G., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2010). Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 189(1-2), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.09.020.
Birkland, T. A., Herabat, P., Little, R. G., & Wallace, W. A. (2006). The impact of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami on tourism in Thailand. Earthquake Spectra, 22, S889–S900. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2207471.
Blom, T. (2000). Morbid tourism – A postmodern market niche with an example from Althorp. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift – Norwegian Journal of Geography, 54(1), 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002919500423564.
Calgaro, E., & Lloyd, K. (2008). Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: Examining disaster vulnerability in the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29(3), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00335.x.
Causevic, S., & Lynch, P. (2011). Phoenix tourism: Post-conflict tourism role. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 780–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.004.
Causey, A. (2007). ‘Go back to the Batak, it’s safe there’: Tourism in North Sumatra during perilous times. Indonesia and the Malay World, 35(103), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810701676383.
Cavlek, N. (2002). Tour operators and destination safety. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 478–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00067-6.
Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions? Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007.
Chen, F.-S., Chen, M.-T., & Cheng, C.-J. (2012). A study of the students’ travel Japan intentions from departments of applied Japanese in Taiwan after 311 East Japan earthquake. Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences, 33(2-3), 363–384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02522667.2012.10700151.
Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism Management, 40, 382–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.008.
Chronis, A. (2012). Between place and story: Gettysburg as tourism imaginary. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1797–1816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anna1s.2012.05.028.
Cioccio, L., & Michael, E. J. (2007). Hazard or disaster: Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria. Tourism Management, 28(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.07.015.
Coats, A., & Ferguson, S. (2013). Rubbernecking or rejuvenation: Post earthquake perceptions and the implications for business practice in dark tourism context. Journal of Research for Consumers, 23, 32–65.
Cohen, E. (2009). Death in paradise: Tourist fatalities in the tsunami disaster in Thailand. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(2), 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802531141.
Cohen, E. (2011). Tourism and land grab in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 224–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.593359.
Corbin, A. (1994). The lure of the sea: The discovery of the seaside in the Western world 1750–1840 (trans: Phelps, J.). London: Penguin.
Dunkley, R., Morgan, N., & Westwood, S. (2011). Visiting the trenches: Exploring meanings and motivations in battlefield tourism. Tourism Management, 32(4), 860–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.011.
Faulkner, B., & Vikulov, S. (2001). Katherine, washed out one day, back on track the next: A post-mortem of a tourism disaster. Tourism Management, 22(4), 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00069-8.
Foote, K. E. (2003). Shadowed ground: America’s landscapes of violence and tragedy (2nd ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Fraser, J. (2013). The art of grieving: West Sumatra’s worst earthquake in music videos. Ethnomusicology Forum, 22(2), 129–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2012.707855.
Frew, E. A. (2012). Interpretation of a sensitive heritage site: The Port Arthur Memorial Garden, Tasmania. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2011.603908.
Fuchs, G., & Reichel, A. (2011). An exploratory inquiry into destination risk perceptions and risk reduction strategies of first time vs. repeat visitors to a highly volatile destination. Tourism Management, 32(2), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.012.
Gertrude, T. S. (2013). Who will be my brother’s keeper – My first visit to Haiti. Multicultural Perspectives, 15(1), 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2013.754650.
Graham, B. J., Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2008). A geography of heritage: Power, culture and economy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hartmann, R. (2014). Dark tourism, thanatourism, and dissonance in heritage tourism management: New directions in contemporary tourism research. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 9(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2013.807266.
Heggie, T. W. (2009). Geotourism and volcanoes: Health hazards facing tourists at volcanic and geothermal destinations. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(5), 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2009.06.002.
Huan, T. C., Beaman, J., & Shelby, L. (2004). No-escape natural disaster – Mitigating impacts on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.003.
Hughes, R. (2008). Dutiful tourism: Encountering the Cambodian genocide. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 49(3), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2008.00380.x.
Hyndman, J. (2007). The securitization of fear in post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(2), 361–372. http://dx.doi.org/0.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00542.x.
Kang, E. J., Scott, N., Lee, T. J., & Ballantyne, R. (2012). Benefits of visiting a ‘dark tourism’ site: The case of the Jeju April 3rd Peace Park, Korea. Tourism Management, 33(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.004.
Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. London: Continuum.
Maximiliano, E. B., & Tarlow, P. (2013). Disasters, tourism the case of Japan earthquake. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 11(3.Special Issue), 17–32.
Miles, W. F. S. (2002). Auschwitz: Museum interpretation and darker tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1175–1178. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00054-3.
Min, J. C. H. (2007). Tourism behavior toward disasters: A cross-cultural comparison. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(8), 1031–1032.
Mulligan, M., Ahmed, I., Shaw, J., Mercer, D., & Nadarajah, Y. (2012). Lessons for long-term social recovery following the 2004 tsunami: Community, livelihoods, tourism and housing. Environmental Hazards-Human and Policy Dimensions, 11(1), 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2011.635186.
Noh, J., & Vogt, C. (2013). Modelling information use, image, and perceived risk with intentions to travel to East Asia. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(5), 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.741576.
Orchiston, C. (2012). Seismic risk scenario planning and sustainable tourism management: Christchurch and the Alpine Fault zone, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 59–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.617827.
Orchiston, C. (2013). Tourism business preparedness, resilience and disaster planning in a region of high seismic risk: The case of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(5), 477–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.741115.
Pezzullo, P. C. (2009). “This is the only tour that sells”: Tourism, disaster, and national identity in New Orleans. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820903026348.
Podoshen, J. S. (2013). Dark tourism motivations: Simulation, emotional contagion and topographic comparison. Tourism Management, 35, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.002.
Podoshen, J. S., & Hunt, J. M. (2011). Equity restoration, the Holocaust and tourism of sacred sites. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1332–1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.007.
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321.
Puleo, T. (2014). Art-making as place-making following disaster. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 568–580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513512543.
Rittichainuwat, N. (2008). Responding to disaster: Thai and Scandinavian Tourists’ motivation to visit Phuket, Thailand. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 422–433.
Rittichainuwat, B. (2011). Ghosts: A travel barrier to tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 437–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.001.
Rittichainuwat, B. N. (2013). Tourists’ and tourism suppliers’ perceptions toward crisis management on tsunami. Tourism Management, 34, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.018.
Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Ryan, C., & Hsu, S. Y. (2011). Why do visitors go to museums? The case of 921 earthquake museum, Wufong, Taichung. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2011.556342.
Seaton, A. V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 234–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722178.
Sharpley, R. (2005). The tsunami and tourism: A comment. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668222.
Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (2009). The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Bristol: Channel View.
Sönmez, S. (2002). A distorted destination image? The case of Turkey. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 185–196.
Steckley, M., & Doberstein, B. (2011). Tsunami survivors’ perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: Evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand. Disasters, 35(3), 465–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01221.X.
Stone, P. R. (2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism, 54(2), 145–160.
Stone, P. (2013). Dark tourism scholarship: A critical review. International Journal of Cultural, Tourism and Hospitality Reserach, 7(3), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-06-2013-0039.
Strange, C., & Kempa, M. (2003). Shades of dark tourism – Alcatraz and Robben Island. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(2), 386–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(02)00102-0.
Tang, Y. (2014a). Travel motivation, destination image and visitor satisfaction of international tourists after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake: A structural modeling approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(21), 1260–1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.844181.
Tang, Y. (2014b). Dark touristic perception: Motivation, experience and benefits interpreted from the visit to seismic memorial sites in Sichuan Province. Journal of Mountain Science, 11(5), 1326–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2857-4.
Teigen, K. H., & Glad, K. A. (2011). “It could have been much worse”: From travelers’ accounts of two natural disasters. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 11(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2011.606610.
Thomas, L. L. (2012). People want to see what happened: Treme, televisual tourism, and the racial remapping of post-Katrina New Orleans. Television & New Media, 13(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476411433889.
Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant heritage: The management of the past as a resource in conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Wegscheider, S., Post, J., Zosseder, K., Muck, M., Strunz, G., Riedlinger, T., Muhari, A., & Anwar, H. Z. (2011). Generating tsunami risk knowledge at community level as a base for planning and implementation of risk reduction strategies. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11(2), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-249-2011.
Williams, A. M., & Balaz, V. (2013). Tourism, risk tolerance and competences: Travel organization and tourism hazards. Tourism Management, 35, 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.07.006.
Winter, C. (2011). Battlefield visitor motivations: Explorations in the Great War Town of Ieper, Belgium. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.806.
Xu, J., & Grunewald, A. (2009). What have we learned? A critical review of tourism disaster management. Journal of China Tourism Research, 5(1), 102–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/19388160802711444.
Yang, W. Q. (2008). Impact of the Wenchuan earthquake on tourism in Sichuan, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 5(3), 194–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-008-0205-x.
Yang, W. Q., Wang, D. J., & Chen, G. J. (2011). Reconstruction strategies after the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan, China. Tourism Management, 32(4), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.07.007.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tang, Y. (2018). Dark Tourism to Seismic Memorial Sites. In: R. Stone, P., Hartmann, R., Seaton, T., Sharpley, R., White, L. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Dark Tourism Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47566-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47566-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-47565-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47566-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)