Abstract
This chapter examines the degree of change and continuity observed in the context of the EU’s handling of the protracted conflict of Western Sahara in the context of the revised ENP. It argues that there has been some relative change in the EU-Western Sahara relationship regardless of the continuity of the minimalist EU official position and against preferences of the EU executive foreign policy actors. Change has mainly originated from the ‘inward turn’ (‘dialectical change’) of the conflict as such and the agency of some Sahrawi and pro-Sahrawi actors, which have pursued new international ‘low politics’ and ‘parliamentarian’ strategies, and seized opportunities opened by intra-EU institutional change as addition under the Lisbon Treaty, as demonstrated by the EP’s rejection of the EU-Morocco fisheries protocol in 2011.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agence France-Presse. (2015, January 23). Bruxelles accuse Alger de détournements d’aide humanitaire. Le Monde.
Bajtay, P. (2015). Democratic and efficient Foreign Policy? Parliamentary diplomacy and oversight in the 21st century and the Post-Lisbon role of the European Parliament in shaping and controlling EU Foreign Policy. EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2015/11 European University Institute.
Bank, A., & Van Heur, B. (2007). Transnational conflicts and the politics of scalar networks: Evidence from Northern Africa. Third World Quarterly, 28(3), 593–612.
Barreñada, I. (2012). Asociacionismo y cuestión nacional en el Sáhara Occidental. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 13.
Black, I. (2015, March 4). Western Sahara’s “conflict tomatoes” highlight a forgotten occupation. The Guardian.
Boukhars, A., & Roussellier, J. (Eds.) (2013). Perspectives on Western Sahara: Myths, nationalisms, and geopolitics. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Bretherton, C., & Vogler, J. (2006). The European Union as a global actor (2nd ed.). Oxford/New York: Routledge.
Capella, R. (2011). Human rights: An obstacle to peace in the Western Sahara?, Real Instituto Elcano.
Carta, C. (2013). The EEAS and EU executive actors within the Foreign Policy-Cycle. In M. Telò & F. Ponjaert (Eds.), The EU’s Foreign Policy: What kind of power and diplomatic action? (pp. 87–103). Farnham/Burlington: Ashgate.
EC/HR. (2010, November 10). Statement by the Spokesperson of EU high representative Catherine Ashton, on Western Sahara, A 227/10.
EC/HR. (2011, May 25). Joint communication: A new response to a changing neighbourhood, COM (2011) 303 final.
EP. (2011, November 29). Recommendation on the draft Council decision on the conclusion of a Protocol between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco setting out the fishing opportunities…. Committee on Fisheries, A7-0394/2011.
EP. (2014, September 24). Question for written answer to the Commission. Subject: Labelling of goods from Western Sahara. E-007130-14.
EP. (2015, April 29). Discharge 2013: EU general budget—European Commission and Executive Agencies. A8-0101/2015.
EP/Legal Service. (2006, February 20). Legal opinion Re: Proposal for a Council Regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Morocco [confidential], SJ-0085/06.
EP/Legal Service. (2009, July 13). Legal opinion Re: Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Morocco, [confidential].
EU. (2010, November 20). Framework Agreement on relations between the European Parliament and the European Commission. Official Journal of the European Union, L 304/47.
EU-Morocco Association Council. (2014, December 16). Déclaration de l'Union européenne.
European Council. (2006, May 29). Council Regulation (EC) No 764/2006 of 22 May 2006 on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Kingdom of Morocco. Official Journal of the European Union, L 141/1.
Feliu, L., & Serra, F. (2015). The European Union as a “normative power” and the normative voice of the European Parliament. In S. Stavridis & D. Irrera (Eds.), The European parliament and its international relations (pp. 17–34). Oxford/New York: Routledge.
Fernández-Molina, I. (2015a). Protests under occupation: The Spring inside Western Sahara. Mediterranean Politics, 20(2), 235–254.
Fernández-Molina, I. (2015b). Moroccan Foreign Policy under Mohammed VI, 1999–2014. Oxford/New York: Routledge.
Gillespie, R. (2010). European Union responses to conflict in the Western Mediterranean. The Journal of North African Studies, 15(1), 85–103.
Hagen, E. (2015). Le poisson passe avant la paix. In D. Véricel, (dir.), Lutter au Sahara: du colonialisme vers l’indépendance au Sahara Occidental. Givors: APSO.
Holsti, K. J. (1996). The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kaminska, J. (2016). The European parliament and the revised European Neighbourhood Policy. In D. Bouris & T. Schumacher (Eds.), The revised European Neighbourhood Policy: Continuity and change in EU Foreign Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Khakee, A. (2014). The MINURSO mandate, human rights and the autonomy solution for Western Sahara. Mediterranean Politics, 19(3), 456–462.
Lovatt, H., & Toaldo, M. (2015). EU differentiation and Israeli settlements. European: Council on Foreign Relations Policy Brief.
MAP. (2015, January 22). Droits de l’Homme. L’UE se félicite du renforcement des antennes du CNDH à Laâyoune et Dakhla. Le Matin du Sahara et du Maghreb.
Mogherini, F. (2015a). Answer given by Vice-President Mogherini on behalf of the Commission. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2014-007130&language=EN. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Mogherini, F. (2015b). Answer given by Vice-President Mogherini on behalf of the Commission. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2015-000760&language=EN. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Mogherini, F. (2015c). Answer given by Vice-President Mogherini on behalf of the Commission. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2015-003868&language=EN. Accessed 30 Sept 2015.
Müller, P. (2016). The revised European Neighbourhood Policy and the EU’s comprehensive approach towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Not so new, after All. In D. Bouris & T. Schumacher (Eds.), The revised European Neighbourhood Policy: Continuity and change in EU Foreign Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Oceanic Développement. (2010, December). Évaluation ex-post du protocole actuel d’accord de partenariat dans le domaine de la pêche entre l’Union Européenne et le Royaume du Maroc.
Ramsbotham, O., Woodhouse, T., & Miall, H. (2011). Contemporary conflict resolution. The prevention, management and transformation of deadly Conflicts (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Polity.
Shelley, T. (2006). Natural resources and the Western Sahara. In C. Olsson (Ed.), The Western Sahara Conflict: The role of natural resources and decolonization (pp. 17–21). Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Singer, J. D. (1996). Armed conflict in the former colonial regions: From classification to explanation. In L. Van de Goor, K. Rupesinghe, & P. Sciarone (Eds.), Between development and destruction: An enquiry into the causes of conflict in post-colonial states (pp. 35–49). London: Palgrave MacMillan.
Smith, J. J. (2013). Fishing for self-determination: European fisheries and Western Sahara. In A. Chircop, S. Coffen-Smout, & M. McConnell (Eds.), Ocean yearbook 27 (pp. 267–290). Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
Stephan, M. J., & Mundy, J. (2006). A battlefield transformed: From Guerrilla resistance to mass nonviolent struggle in the Western Sahara. Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 8(3), 1–32.
Tocci, N. (2007). The EU and conflict resolution: Promoting peace in the backyard. Oxford/New York: Routledge.
United Nations Security Council. (2002). Letter dated 29 January 2002 from the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs, the Legal Counsel, addressed to the President of the Security Council, S/2002/161.
Van Den Putte, L., De Ville, F., & Orbie, J. (2015). The European Parliament as an international actor in trade: From power to impact. In S. Stavridis & D. Irrera (Eds.), The European Parliament and its international relations (pp. 52–69). Oxford/New York: Routledge.
Vaquer, J. (2004). The European Union and Western Sahara. European Foreign Affairs Review, 9(1), 93–113.
Western Sahara Resource Watch. (2015, June 10). European Court of Justice to assess EU-Morocco agri-deal next week.
White, N. (2015). Conflict stalemate in Morocco and Western Sahara: Natural resources, legitimacy and political recognition. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(3), 339–357.
Zunes, S., & Mundy, J. (2010). Western Sahara: War, nationalism and conflict irresolution. New York: Syracuse University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fernández-Molina, I. (2017). The EU, the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Western Sahara Conflict: Executive Continuity and Parliamentary Detours. In: Bouris, D., Schumacher, T. (eds) The Revised European Neighbourhood Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47182-6_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-47182-6_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-47181-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-47182-6
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)