Abstract
This chapter is devoted to crisis management in the EU and the role of intelligence in developing early warning and crisis-management capabilities. The mechanisms comprising the Crisis Management Procedures are considered against the need to process and efficiently direct a large flow of information to appropriate EU agencies, such as the Situation Room or Watch-Keeping Capability. The EU Crisis Response System is also examined in the light of institutional capabilities of translating intelligence into effective decisions and actions. The chapter concludes with remarks on the EU’s capacity for forecast analysis and scenario planning in terms of effective risk management and threat assessment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Adebahr, C. (2011). The comprehensive approach to crisis management in a concerted Weimar effort. Genshagener Papiere No. 6. At http://www.stiftung-genshagen.de/fileadmin/Dateien/Publikationen/Genshagener_Papiere/Genshagener_Papiere_2011_06.pdf. Accessed 17 Dec 2013.
Ashton, C. (2014). The role of the European external action service in a global network of crisis room. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Austin, A. (2004). Early warning and the field: A cargo cult science? Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management.
Aven, T., & Renn, O. (2010). Risk management and governance. Concepts guidelines and applications. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Babaud, S., & Mirimanova, N. (2011). The European Commission early-warning architecture and crisis-response capacity. Brussels: IFP-EW/International Alert.
Banim, G. (2006). Early warning for early action. In A. Ricci & E. Kytömaa (Eds.), Faster and more united? The debate about Europe’s crisis response capacity. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Baumard, P. (1994). From noticing to making sense: Using intelligence to develop strategy. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 7(1), 29–73.
Beswick, T. (2012). EU early warning and early response capacity for conflict prevention in the post-Lisbon era. Brussels: Initiative for Peacebuilding—Early Warning.
Blockmans, S. (Ed.). (2008). The European Union and crisis management. Policy and legal aspects. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
Boin, A., et al. (2005). The politics of crisis management. Public leadership under pressure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boin, A., Ekengren, M., & Rhinard, M. (2006). Protecting the union: Analysing an emerging policy space. European Integration, 28(5), 405–421.
Boin, A., Ekengren, M., & Rhinard, M. (2013). The European Union as crisis manager. Patterns and prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boin, A., Ekengren, M., & Rhinard, M. (2014). Making sense of sense-making: The EU’s role in collecting, analysing, and disseminating information in times of crisis. Stockholm: Swedish National Defence College.
Brady, H. (2012). Saving Schengen. How to protect passport-free travel in Europe. London: Centre for European Reform.
Ceuterick, L., & Weston, A. (2012). The EU operations centre permanent staff and the watchkeepers: Who they are and what they do. Impetus. Bulletin of the EU Military Staff, 14, 22–23.
Copernicus (2014). Copernicus emergency management service mapping. At http://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/#zoom=2&lat=12.11527&lon=58.22945&layers=0B000000T. Accessed 1 Feb 2015.
Cornelisse, G. (2014). What’s Wrong With Schengen? Border Disputes and the Nature of Integration in the Area Without Internal Borders. Common Market Law Review, 51(3), 741−770.
Council of the EU (2001b, November 15). Report by the Secretary General/High Representative to the Council on intelligence cooperation, doc. 4546/1/01 REV1, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2003a, July 3). Suggestions for procedures for coherent, comprehensive EU crisis management, Annex to document 11127/03, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2007a). Annual report from the Council to the European Parliament on the main aspects and basic choices of the CFSP. At http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/EN_PESC.pdf. Accessed 30 Sept 2012.
Council of the EU (2011d, June 20). Conflict prevention—Council conclusions, doc. 11820/11, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2012a, October 9). Council of the European Union, Annual report from the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the European Parliament, doc. 14605/1/12 REV 1, Brussels.
Council of the EU (2013, June 7). Finalisation of the CCA review process: The EU integrated political crisis response (IPCR) arrangements, doc. 10708/13 Brussels.
Council of the EU (2014a). The EU integrated political crisis response arrangements in brief. At http://www.consilium.europa.eu/workarea/downloadAsset.aspx?id=40802194085. Accessed 19 Dec 2014.
Council of the EU (2014b, July 1). Council Decision of 24 June 2014 on the arrangements for the implementation by the Union of the solidarity clause. Official Journal of the European Union, L 192.
Council of the EU (2014d, July 23). Main aspects and basic choices of the CFSP (Part II, point E, paragraph 25 of the Interinstitutional Agreement of 2 December 2013)—2013—Annual report from the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the European Parliament, doc. 12094/14, Brussels.
Dent, C. (2013, July 12). Situational intelligence for effective decision making, critical communications. Wired. At http://www.wired.com/2013/07/situational-intelligence-for-effective-decision-making-critical-communications/. Accessed 17 Apr 2014.
DGA (2011). DGA communication and information systems. 2010 Activity Report. At http://bookshop.europa.eu/pl/dga-communication-and-information-systems-pbQCAL11001/;pgid=Iq1Ekni0.1lSR0OOK4MycO9B0000y58nN1Sb;sid=rv3kHr3MvnfkE-v1jLF6ud_pDD6YTh8P0q0=?CatalogCategoryID=luYKABst3IwAAAEjxJEY4e5L. Accessed 11 Jan 2012.
Di Stasio, J. (2015). Situational intelligence as a risk management tool. The situational intelligence blog. At http://situationalintelligence.net/situational-intelligence-as-a-risk-management-tool/. Accessed 21 May 2015.
Drent, M. (2011). The EU’s comprehensive approach to security: A culture of co-ordination? Studia Diplomatica, LXIV(2), 3–18.
Duke, S. (2002). The EU and crisis management: Development and prospects. Maastricht: EIPA.
Duke, S. (2006). Intelligence, security, and information flows in CFSP. Intelligence and National Security, 21(4), 604–630.
Duke, S. (2014). Intelligence and EU external relations: Operational to constitutive politics. In T. Blom & S. Vanhoonacker (Eds.), The politics of information. The case of the European Union. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
EEAS (2013a). EEAS privacy statement for the purpose of the processing operation upholding of EU Situation Room Contact Lists. At http://www.eeas.europa.eu/crisis-response/documents/2013/situation_room_data_protection_en.pdf. Accessed 20 July 2014.
EEAS (2014a). Crisis response and operational coordination factsheet. At http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/un_geneva/documents/press_corner/focus/20130509_crisisresponse_facsheet.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr 2015.
EEAS (2014b). The EEAS crisis response & operational coordination department—What we do. At http://eeas.europa.eu/crisis-response/what-we-do/index_en.htm. Accessed 14 Apr 2015.
EEAS (2014c). Factsheet on crisis response and operational coordination department. At http://www.eeas.europa.eu/factsheets/docs/factsheets_europe_day_2014/factsheet_crisis-response_en.pdf. Accessed 14 Apr 2015.
Ekengren, M., & Groneleer, M. (2006). European Union crisis management: Challenges for research and practice. International Journal of Emergency Management, 3(1), 83–90.
European Commission (2010a, September 21). Communication from the commission on the global approach to transfers of passenger name record (PNR) data to third countries, doc. COM(2010) 492 final, Brussels.
European Council (1997, June 16). Amsterdam European Council, doc. SN00150/97, Brussels.
European Parliament (2009, December 1) Answer to the written question E-5998/09 from Martin Ehrenhauser, MEP, to the Council. Subject: Policy Planning and Early Warning Unit. At http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2009-5998&language=EN. Accessed 8 Mar 2013.
European Parliament (2012b, August 6). Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission to the question for written answer E-006026/12 to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative).Crisis Response and Operational Coordination Directorate (CROC)—Products and information. At http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2012-006026&language=EN. Accessed 8 Mar 2013.
European Union. (1997a). Declaration on the establishment of a policy planning and early warning unit. In Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
European Union. (1997b). Declaration relating to Western European Union. In Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
EUSC. (2015). EU SatCen annual report 2014. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Ferreira-Pereira, L. C., & Groom, A. J. R. (2010). ‘Mutual solidarity’ within the EU common foreign and security policy: What is the name of the game? International Politics, 47(6), 596–616.
Fishbein, W. H. (2011). Prospective sense-making: A realistic approach to ‘foresight for prevention’ in an age of complex threats. In Ch. de Franco & Ch. O. Meyer (Eds.), Forecasting, warning, and responding to transnational risks. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fishbein, W. & Treverton, G. (2004). Making sense of transnational threats. Occasional Papers, 3(1). Washington, DC: Sherman Kent Center for Intelligence Analysis.
Fuchs-Drapier, M. (2011). The European Union’s solidarity clause in the event of a terrorist attack: Towards solidarity or maintaining sovereignty? Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 19(4), 184–197.
Gebhard, C., & Norheim-Martinsen, P. M. (2011). Making sense of EU comprehensive security towards conceptual and analytical clarity. European Security, 20(2), 221–241.
Giegerich, B. (2010). Military and civilian capabilities for EU-led crisis-management operations. Adelphi Papers, 50(414), 41–58.
Gross, E. (2009). The Europeanization of national foreign policy. Continuity and change in European crisis management. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Hatzigeorgopoulos, M. (2012). The EU’s mutual assistance and solidarity clauses. European Security Review, 61, 1–10.
Hemmer, J., & Smits, R. (2011). The early warning and conflict prevention capability of the council of the European Union. A mapping of the pre-lisbon period. Brussels: IFP-EW/Clingendael.
High Representative (2013, December 11). Joint communication to the European Parliament and the Council. The EU’s comprehensive approach to external conflict and crises, doc. JOIN(2013) 30 final, Brussels.
High Representative (2015, April 10). Joint staff working document. Taking forward the EU’s Comprehensive Approach to external conflict and crises Action Plan 2015, doc. SWD(2015) 85 final, Brussels.
Horgby, A., & Rhinard, M. (2013). The EU’s internal security strategy: Living in the shadow of its past. Occassional Paper no. 24. Stockholm: The Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
House of Lords (2003). EU – Effective in a Crisis? HL Paper 53. London: The Stationery Office.
House of Lords (2009). Civil protection and crisis management in the European Union. Report with Evidence. HL Paper 43. London: The Stationery Office.
Klein, G., Moon, B., & Hoffman, R. R. (2006). Making sense of sensemaking 1: Alternative perspectives. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21(4), 70–73.
Koenig, N. (2014). Libya and the challenges of post-Lisbon crisis coordination. In D. Dialer, H. Neisser, & A. Opitz (Eds.), The EU’s external action service: Potentials for a one voice foreign policy. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press.
Landaburu, E. (2008). A European perspective on crisis response. In A. Ricci (Ed.), From early warning to early action? The debate on the enhancement of the EU’s crisis response capability continues. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Larsson, P. (2009). The Crisis Coordination Arrangements (CCA). In S. Olsson (Ed.), Crisis management in the European Union. Cooperation in the face of emergencies. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Larsson, P., Hagström Frisell, E., & Olsson, S. (2009). Understanding the crisis management system of the European Union. In S. Olsson (Ed.), Crisis management in the European Union. Cooperation in the face of emergencies. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Lennart, M. D., & Zandee, L. D. (2014). The EU as a security provider. Clingendael report. The Hague: Clingendael Institute. At http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/Report_EU_as_a_Security_Provider_december_2014.pdf. Accessed 1 Feb 2015.
Major, C., & Bail, M. (2011). Waiting for soft power: Why the EU struggles with civilian crisis management. In E. Gross et al. (Eds.), Preventing conflict, managing crisis European and American perspectives. Washington, DC: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
Manchin, J. (2014). Overview of crisis rooms. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Miozzo, A., & Missiroli, A. (2014). Foreword. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Mölling, Ch. (2008). Comprehensive approaches to international crisis management. CSS Analyses in Security Policy, 3(42). At http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CSS-Analyses-42.pdf. Accessed 2 Feb 2013.
Moore, D. T. (2011). Sensemaking. A structure for an intelligence revolution. Washington, DC: National Defense Intelligence College.
Morsut, C. (2014). The EU’s community mechanism for civil protection: Analysing its development. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 22(3), 143–149.
Mounier, G. (2009a). Civilian crisis management and the external dimension of JHA: Inceptive, functional and institutional similarities. European Integration, 31(1), 45–64.
Myrdal, S., & Rhinard, M. (2010). The European Union’s solidarity clause: Empty letter or effective tool?. UI Occasional Paper. Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs.
Nimark, A., & Pawlak, P. (2014). Upgrading the Union’s response to crises. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Olsson, S., & Larsson, P. (2009). The future of crisis management within the European Union. In S. Olsson (Ed.), Crisis management in the European Union. Cooperation in the face of emergencies. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Pawlak, P. (2014). Political and technical aspects of information sharing. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Peers, S. (2013). The future of the Schengen system. SIEPS Report No. 6. Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
Porfiriev, B. (2005). Managing crises in the EU: Some reflections of a non-EU scholar. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 13(4), 145–152.
Post, S. (2015). Toward a whole-of-Europe approach. Organizing the European Union’s and Member States’ comprehensive crisis management. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
Rhinard, M., Ekengren, M., & Boin, A. (2006). The European Union’s emerging protection space: Next steps for research and practice. European Integration, 28(5), 511–527.
Ricci, A. (2014). Definitions, controversies and challenges. In P. Pawlak & A. Ricci (Eds.), Crisis rooms: Towards a global network? Paris: EU Institute for Security Studies.
Shapcott, W. (2011). Do they listen? Communicating warnings: An intelligence practitioner’s perspective. In Ch. de Franco & Ch. O. Meyer (Eds.), Forecasting, warning, and responding to transnational risks. Basingstoke/New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Simonović, S. P. (2011). Systems approach to management of disasters: Methods and applications. Hoboken: Wiley.
Smith, M.E. (2013a). The European External Action Service and the security–development nexus: organizing for effectiveness or incoherence?. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(9), 1299−1315.
Stauffacher, D., et al. (2005). Information and communication technology for peace. The role of ICT in preventing, responding to and recovering from conflict. New York: The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force.
Tarîqa (2012).Tarîqa 3.0 Installation Manual. At http://joinup.ec.europa.eu/mailman/archives/tariqa-commits/2012-April/000010.html. Accessed 11 Mar 2015.
Tercovich, G. (2014). The EEAS crisis response system. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 22(3), 150–157.
Von Ondarza, N., & Parkes, R. (2010). The EU in face of disaster: Implementing the Lisbon’s treaty solidarity clause. SWP comments no. 9. Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs. At http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2010C09_orz_pks_ks.pdf. Accessed 17 Mar 2013.
Zaiotti, R. (2013). The Italo-French row over Schengen, critical junctures, and the future of Europe’s border regime. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 28(3), 337–354.
Zandén Kjellén, S. (2009). Rapid alerts for crises at the EU level. In S. Olsson (Ed.), Crisis management in the European Union. Cooperation in the face of emergencies. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gruszczak, A. (2016). Situational Intelligence and Early Warning. In: Intelligence Security in the European Union. New Security Challenges. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45512-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45512-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-45511-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-45512-3
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)