Abstract
The previous four chapters have examined the different stakeholders whose interventions contributed to the institutionalization of contemporary Sport for Development and Peace (SDP). While they have been considered separately, the history of this sector needs to be understood as a dynamic, integrated whole. Development actors worked in parallel—some setting policy, others delivering programs; sometimes collaboratively, sometimes productively, sometimes not. Intergovernmental agencies and national programs often set the agenda, but program delivery usually fell to those non-governmental organizations that had established relationships on the ground. And within this landscape, in an environment of scarce resources, corporate support was a welcome addition. While the Millennium Development Goals (2000) provided an impetus to its institutionalization, the SDP sector is now faced with the challenge of responding to the recent Sustainable Development Goals (2015).
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Notes
- 1.
As Judy Kent asserts, “There’s still a lot of people using sport-for-development to attach themselves to being good guys and opposed to corruption scandals like doping.”
- 2.
Giovanni Di Cola, “Sport and the development of social and economic activities in Peru,” Olympic Review 25, I-28 (1999): 59–61.
- 3.
Terje Tvedt, for example, argues that the structures and power relations of international development meant that new or ad hoc organizations interested in development had to transform themselves into more formal NGOs, and take on the language of the donor subsystem, in order to achieve recognition and access to resources. Terje Tvedt, “Development NGOs: Actors in a Global Civil Society or in a New International Social System?” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 13, no. 4 (2002): 369.
- 4.
Support for SDP in Australia largely shifted from the Australian Sport Commission to the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
- 5.
Although SDP is comprised of hybrid organizations, its proponents continue to call for the sector to partner with other areas beyond sport. As Oliver Dudfield contends: “My hope is that it will not just be sport advocates driving [SDP] because I think there is a need for learning from other sectors to be able to support sport … I think if we look at maximizing the potential of sport as a development tool, it’s going to need to be other actors and players – health, education, those in social policy – who look at it. And I don’t mean sport alone, but sport, arts, other cultural activities, other innovative approaches to development.”
- 6.
See Roger Levermore, “Sport-in-international development: Theoretical frameworks,” in Sport and International Development, eds. Roger Levermore and Aaron Beacom (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 26–54. While trade-based aid has been more of a hallmark of the neoliberal era than the emphasis on major infrastructure that characterized the Cold War era of international development, Levermore draws attention to the emphasis on infrastructure as an element of the neoliberal orientation of sport-for-development. This can be seen in undertakings such as the Olympic Youth Development Centre in Lusaka, Zambia, where new facilities were built to provide opportunities for kids to do sport. Despite such efforts, the neoliberal era of SDP is best characterized by the ways in which it attempts to educate people to be individual, responsible citizens and subjects. “About Us,” Olympic Youth Development Centre – Zambia, http://www.oydc.org.zm/about-us/, accessed 20 July 2018.
- 7.
See Richard S. Gruneau Class, Sport and Social development (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1983).
- 8.
Ørnulf Seippel, “Sports in Civil Society: Networks, Social Capital and Influence,” European Sociological Review 24, no. 1 (2008): 78.
- 9.
See Ruth Jeanes and Iain Lindsey, “Where’s the ‘Evidence?’ Reflecting on Monitoring and Evaluation within Sport-for-Development,” in Research in the Sociology of Sport, Volume 8: Sport, Social Development and Peace, eds. Kevin Young and Chiaki Okada (Bingley, UK: Emerald Group, 2014), 197–217.
- 10.
See, for example, Holly Collison and David Marchesseault, “Finding the missing voices of Sport for Development and Peace (SDP): Using a ‘Participatory Social Interaction Research’ methodology and anthropological perspectives within African developing countries,” Sport in Society 21, no. 2 (2018): 226–242; Iain Lindsey, Tess Kay, Ruth Jeanes, and Davies Banda, Localizing global sport for development (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2017).
- 11.
Richard Gruneau, Sport and Modernity (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2017). See especially, Chap. 5.
- 12.
Raymond Williams, Marxism and literature (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
- 13.
“Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” United Nations, 2015, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld, accessed 11 July 2018.
- 14.
Roger Levermore, “The Paucity of, and Dilemma in, Evaluating Corporate Social Responsibility for Development Through Sport,” Third World Quarterly 32, no. 3 (2011): 551–69.
- 15.
Ibid., 551.
- 16.
See, for example, Bruce Kidd and Peter Donnelly, Literature reviews on sport for development and peace. (Toronto: International Working Group on Sport for Development and Peace, 2007), http://www.righttoplay.com/moreinfo/aboutus/Documents/Literature%20Reviews%20SDP.pdf, accessed 12 July 2018.
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Darnell, S.C., Field, R., Kidd, B. (2019). Conclusion: The Institutionalization of Sport-for-Development. In: The History and Politics of Sport-for-Development. Global Culture and Sport Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43944-4_11
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