José Rizal (1861–1896)

Alatas, Syed Farid

doi:10.1057/978-1-137-41134-1_6

Syed Farid Alatas³

3087 Accesses
3 Citations

Abstract

Rizal was a thinker and nationalist during the final days of the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines. He lived a short life but was an exceptionally productive thinker, unmatched by anyone in Southeast Asia, perhaps even Asia. The construction of a social theory from Rizal’s works can be founded on three aspects of his substantive concerns. Firstly, we have his views on the nature and conditions of colonial society. Secondly, there is Rizal’s critique of colonial knowledge of the Philippines. Thirdly, there is his discussion on the meaning and requirements for emancipation.

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Notes

1.
José Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, Political and Historical Writings (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1963), 37.
2.
José Rizal, The Lost Eden (Noli me Tangere), Leon Ma. Guerrro, trans. (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1961). 19.a.
3.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 20.
4.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 98.
5.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 80.
6.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 80.
7.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 37.
8.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 33.
9.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 38.
10.
José Rizal, ‘Message to the Young Women of Malolos’, Political and Historical Writings (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1963), 14.
11.
Rizal, ‘Message to the Young Women of Malolos’, 13.
12.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, xxx.
13.
José Rizal, ‘To the Filipinos’, in de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, vii.
14.
S. Zaide, ‘Historiography in the Spanish Period’, in Philippine Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Quezon City: Philippine Social Science Council, 1993), 5.
15.
Ambeth R Ocampo, ‘Rizal’s Morga and Views of Philippine History’, Philippine Studies 46 (1998), 192.
16.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, 291 n. 4.
17.
Rizal, ‘Message to the Young Women of Malolos’, 12.
18.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, 134 n. 1.
19.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, 134 n. 1.
20.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, 23 n. 1.
21.
‘A monument more enduring than bronze’.
22.
Ferdinand Blumentritt, ‘Prologue’, in Antonio de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands by Dr Antonio de Morga, Published in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to light and annotated by Jose Rizal, preceded by a prologue by Dr Ferdinand Blumentritt, Writings of Jose Rizal Volume VI (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1890/1962), viii.
23.
José Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, Political and Historical Writings (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1963), 111–139.
24.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 31.
25.
Syed Hussein Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native: A Study of the Image of the Malays, Filipinos and Javanese from the 16th to the 20th Century and its Function in the Ideology of Colonial Capitalism (London: Frank Cass, 1977), 125.
26.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111.
27.
Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native, 98.
28.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111.
29.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111–112.
30.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 31–32.
31.
José Rizal, ‘Filipino Farmers’, Political and Historical Writings (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1963).
32.
Rizal, ‘Filipino Farmers’, 19.
33.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 112.
34.
de Morga, Historical Events of the Philippine Islands, 317 n. 2.
35.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111.
36.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 113.
37.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 113.
38.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 113.
39.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111.
40.
Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native, 100.
41.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 120–123.
42.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 114.
43.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 113.
44.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 114.
45.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 116, 118–119.
46.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 119.
47.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 119–120.
48.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 123.
49.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 124.
50.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 123.
51.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 124.
52.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 125.
53.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 125–126.
54.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 128.
55.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 126.
56.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 130–131.
57.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 127.
58.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 131.
59.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 124, 130.
60.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 130.
61.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 130, 132.
62.
Ibn Khaldûn, Ibn Khaldun: The Muqadimmah – An Introduction of History, 3 vols., translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967), vol. 1, 299.
63.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 128.
64.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 136–137.
65.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 131, 135, 138.
66.
Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves (Casa-grande & Senzala): A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1986), 48.
67.
Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native, 106.
68.
Alatas, The Myth of the Lazy Native, 105–106.
69.
Rizal, ‘The Indolence of the Filipino’, 111.
70.
Raul J. Bonoan, S.J., The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence, (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1994), 13.
71.
Bonoan, The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence, 17.
72.
José Rizal, One Hundred Letters of José Rizal to his Parents, Brother, Sisters, Relatives (Manila: Philippine National Historical Society, 1959), 224, cited in Bonoan, The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence, 19.
73.
Raul J. Bonoan, S. J., ‘Introduction’, in Raul J. Bonoan, The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1994), 49.
74.
José Rizal, ‘The First Letter of Rizal’, in Raul J. Bonoan, The Rizal-Pastells Correspondence (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila Press, 1994), 122.
75.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 38.
76.
Blumentritt, ‘Prologue’, ix–x.
77.
Rizal, ‘Filipino Farmers’, 22.
78.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 406–407.
79.
Rizal, The Lost Eden, 407.
80.
Cesar Adib Majul, ‘Rizal’s Noli and Fili: Their Relevance to the Coming Millennium’, in Gemino Abad et. al, Centennial Lecture Series: Memories, Visions and Scholarship and Other Essays (Quezon City: UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies, 2001), 67–68.
81.
Majul, ‘Rizal’s Noli and Fili’, 68.
82.
J. Landau, ‘Nasir al-Din Tusi and Poetic Imagination in the Arabic and Persian Philosophic Tradition’, in Ali Asghar Seyed-Gohrab, ed., Metaphor and Imagery in Persian Poetry (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 42–43.
83.
Rizal, ‘The Truth for All’, 31–32.
84.
Majul, ‘Rizal’s Noli and Fili’, 57.
85.
Renato Constantino, ‘Our Task: To Make Rizal Obsolete’, This Week 14(24), 14 June 1959, 40.
86.
Syed Farid Alatas, Alternative Discourses in Asian Social Science: Responses to Eurocentrism (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2006), 82.

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Sociology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Syed Farid Alatas

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Alatas, S.F. (2017). José Rizal (1861–1896). In: Sociological Theory Beyond the Canon. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41134-1_6

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41134-1_6
Published: 26 March 2017
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-41133-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-41134-1
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