Farms, Phones and Learning in the Trade Regime

  • Robert Wolfe
Part of the International Political Economy Series book series (IPES)

Abstract

Farms and phones may seem an unlikely pair for a discussion of international institutional innovation, but they symbolize the two sources of enormous political controversy that dominated the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1986–93) — the old issue of agriculture, and the ‘new issues’ of intellectual property, investment and services. The theme of the Round was globalization, understood as change in the things that are traded, and in who is trading them. The expanding domain of the global market, both functionally and geographically, challenged states anxious to maintain social control of the economy while promoting dynamic growth, the basis of the ‘compromise of embedded liberalism’ underpinning the Bretton Woods system (Ruggie, 1983). The process of adaptation, of maintaining the compromise, proved to be similar in both domains.

Keywords

World Trade Organization Market Access Telecommunication Service Uruguay Round Trade Regime 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bronckers, Marco C. and Pierre Larouche (1997) ‘Telecommunications Services and the World Trade Organization’, Journal of World Trade, vol. 31 (3), (June), pp. 5–48.Google Scholar
  2. Cable, Vincent and Catherine Distler (1995) Global Superhighways: the Future of International Telecommunications Policy, London: Royal Institute for International Affairs.Google Scholar
  3. Cerny, Philip G. (1991) ‘The Limits of Deregulation: Transnational Interpenetration and Policy Change’, European Journal of Political Research 19, pp. 173–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Cowhey, Peter F. (1990) ‘The International Telecommunications Regime: the Political Roots of Regimes for High Technology’, International Organization, vol. 44 (2), (Spring), pp. 169–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Croome, John (1995) Reshaping the World Trading System: a History of the Uruguay Round, Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
  6. Drake, William J. and Kalypso Nicolaïdis (1992) ‘Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: “Trade in Services” and the Uruguay Round’, International Organization, vol. 46 (1), (Winter) pp. 37–101.Google Scholar
  7. Drake, William J. and Eli M. Noam (1998) ‘Assessing the WTO Agreement on Basic Telecommunications’, in Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Erika Wada (eds), Unfinished Business: Telecommunications after the Uruguay Round, Washington: Institute for International Economics, pp. 27–61.Google Scholar
  8. Financial Times (1995) 20 September, p. 5.Google Scholar
  9. Financial Times (1995) 4 October, p. 9.Google Scholar
  10. Financial Times (1997) ‘Review of the Telecommunications Industry’, September.Google Scholar
  11. Finnemore, Martha (1996) National Interests in International Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  12. Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink (1998) ‘International Norm Dynamics and Political Change’, International Organization, vol. 52 (4), (Autumn), pp. 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Fredebeul-Krein, Markus and Andreas Freytag (1997) ‘Telecommunications and WTO Discipline: an Assessment of the WTO Agreement on Telecommunication Services’, Telecommunications Policy, vol. 21 (6), pp. 477–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Himsl, Mike and Leslie Milton (1998) ‘Making Good on Access Commitments: Implementation of WTO Commitments on Basic Telecommunications Services by the EU Member States, the United States, and Canada’, paper delivered to the LSUC/CBA conference on New Developments in Communications Law and Policy, Ottawa, April.Google Scholar
  15. ITU (1995) ‘Trade Agreements on Telecommunications: Regulatory Implications’, International Telecommunications Union: Report of the Fifth Regulatory Colloquium on the Changing Role of Government in an Era of Telecom Deregulation, December. Available on the web at http://www.itu.int/pforum/trade-e.htm.Google Scholar
  16. ITU (1998) ‘Trade in Telecommunications’, International Telecommunications Union: Third Draft of the Secretary-General’s Report to the Second World Telecommunication Policy Forum, 15 February. Available on the web at http://www.itu.int/ wtpf/sg_rep/3_draft/3rd.htm.Google Scholar
  17. Kratochwil, Friedrich and John Gerard Ruggie (1986) ‘International Organization: a State of the Art on the Art of the State’, International Organization, vol. 40 (4), (Autumn) pp. 753–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Langdale, John V. ‘International Telecommunications and Trade in Services: Policy Perspectives’, Telecommunications Policy, vol. 13 (3), (September 1989), pp. 203–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Murphy, Craig N. (1994) International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance since 1850, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
  20. OECD (1987) National Policies and Agricultural Trade, Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.Google Scholar
  21. OECD (1990) Trade in Information, Computer and Communication Services, Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood (1989) World of our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
  23. Polanyi, Karl (1944) The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
  24. Ruggie, John Gerard (1983) ‘International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order’, in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 195–231.Google Scholar
  25. Schultz, Richard J. and Mark R. Brawley (1996) Telecommunications Policy’, in G. Bruce Doern, Leslie A. Pal and Brian W. Tomlin (eds), Border Crossings: the Internationalization of Canadian Public Policy, Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 82–108.Google Scholar
  26. Tarjanne, Pekka. (1997) ‘Telecommunications and Trade’, paper delivered by the Secretary-General of the International Telecommunications Union in Moscow, 5 February.Google Scholar
  27. Vogel, Steven Kent (1996) Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  28. Wolfe, Robert (1998) Farm Wars: the Political Economy of Agriculture and the International Trade Regime, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press Ltd; New York, St. Martin’s Press Inc.Google Scholar
  29. Wolfe, Robert (1999a) ‘The World Trade Organization’, in Brian Hocking and Steven McGuire, (eds), Trade Politics: Environments: Issues: Actors and Process, London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  30. Wolfe, Robert (1999b) ‘Regulatory Diplomacy: Why rhythm beats harmony in the trade regime’, in Thomas J. Courchene (ed.) Room to Manoeuvre? Globalization and Policy Convergence, Kingston: John Deutsch Institute for the Study of Economic Policy.Google Scholar
  31. Wolfe, Robert (1999c) ‘Rendering unto Caesar: How legal pluralism and regime theory help in understanding “multiple centres of power”’, paper prepared for delivery to the Project on Trends Workshop on Multiple Centres of Power, Victoria, 13 May.Google Scholar
  32. Woodrow, R. Brian (1991) ‘Tilting towards a Trade Regime: the ITU and the Uruguay Round Services Negotiations’, Telecommunications Policy, vol. 15 (4), (August), pp. 323–43.Google Scholar
  33. WTO (1996) Annual Report: Volume 1, Geneva: World Trade Organization.Google Scholar
  34. WTO (1997) Report of the Group on Basic Telecommunications WTO: S/GBT/4, 15 February.Google Scholar
  35. WTO (1996) Fourth Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services WTO: S/L/20, 30 April.Google Scholar
  36. Zacher, Mark W. with Brent A. Sutton (1996) Governing Global Networks: International Regimes for Transportation and Communications, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 2002

Authors and Affiliations

  • Robert Wolfe

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations