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On the Supposed Illiberalism of Republican Political Culture in France

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In Search of the Liberal Moment
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Abstract

A widespread idea maintains that there is an opposition between “Anglo-Saxon” political culture and French political culture. According to this, the former is said to be “liberal” because it at once acknowledges the preeminence of the rights of individuals and social autonomy, refuses to place the state—or the public sphere—in an overhanging position that would give it the power to fashion society according to publicly formulated democratic imperatives, and conceives the common good as the protection of a group of individual rights. Conversely, French political culture is illiberal because it ignores the rights of individuals and subjects them to the demands of an independently defined common good and also because it makes democracy—what the collectivity wants because it considers this as being in its interest—prevail over the aspirations of individuals, which can only develop insofar as they are compatible with what is of common interest to all. Pierre Rosanvallon formulates this aspect of French political culture in the following extract from a text that is significantly entitled “Fondements et problèmes de l’illibéralisme français” (Foundations and Problems of French Illiberalism):

An initial approximation of the illiberalism of French political culture can be characterized by a monist vision of the social and the political, one of the principal consequences of this being that it leads to a dissociation of the democratic imperative and the development of freedoms.1

This chapter was translated by Angela Krieger.

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Notes

  1. Pierre Rosanvallon, “Fondements et problèmes de l’illibéralisme français,” in La France du nouveau siècle, ed. Thierry de Montbrial (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002), 85–95.

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  2. Ibid. Italics in original.

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  3. See: John Bowen, Can Islam Be French? Pluralism and Pragmatism in a Secularist State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010); Cecile Laborde, Critical Republicanism: The Hijab Controversy and Political Philosophy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); Martha Nussbaum, Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America’s Tradition of Religious Equality (New York, 2008); and Martha Nussbaum, The New Religious Intolerance: Overcoming the Politics of Fear in an Anxious Age (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012).

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  4. On this topic, I take the liberty of referring to Jean-Fabien Spitz, “Headscarves in School Again: How Republican is the 2004 French Law Banning Ostentatious Religious Signs from Public Schools?” in Spheres of Global Justice, vol. 1, Global Challenges to Liberal Democracy: Political Participation, Minorities and Migrations, ed. Jean-Christophe Merle (New York: Springer, 2013), 403–414.

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  5. Maximilien Robespierre, Pour le bonheur et la liberté, Discours (Paris: Éditions de la fabrique, 2000), 182–183.

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  6. Ibid., 183.

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  7. Ibid., 186–187.

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  8. Ibid., 187.

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  9. Louis Blanc, “L’État dans une démocratie” and “Proudhon et sa doctrine,” in Textes Politiques de Louis Blanc (Introduction, choix de textes et notes par J-F Spitz, Lormont: Éditions Le Bord de l’Eau, 2012), 282–322; Charles Dupont White, L’individu et l’Etat (Paris: Guillaumin, 1865); and Alfred Fouillée, La propriété sociale et la démocratie (Lormont: Éditions Le Bord de l’Eau, 2007), 63.

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  10. John Rawls, Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 135–140 and 158–162; cf. Martin O’Neil and Thad Williamson (eds.), Property Owning Democracy: Rawls and Beyond (Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 2012).

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  11. See Cristophe Guilluy, Fractures françaises (Paris: Champs Flammarion, 2013).

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  12. For example, cf.: Timothy Sandefur, Cornerstone of Liberty: Property Rights in 21st Century America (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2006); David N. Mayer, Liberty of Contract: Rediscovering a Lost Constitutional Right (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2011). For a contestation of this strict constitutionalization of the right to property and contract, see, among others, Joseph Singer, Entitlement: The Paradoxes of Property (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000).

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  13. Alexis de Tocqueville, De la démocratie en Amérique, in Œuvres (Paris: Éditions de la Pléiade), 1.690.

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  14. Adolphe Thiers, De la propriété, du socialisme, du communisme et de l’impôt (Paris: Lheureux et Cie, 1868). See also Raymond Troplong, De la propriété d’après le code civil (Paris: Pagnerre, 1848). On the debate between Pierre Leroux and the Mountaineers, see Joseph Garnier, ed., Le droit au travail à l’assemblée nationale, recueil complet de tous les discours prononcés dans cette mémorable discussion (Paris: Guillaumin, 1848).

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  15. Lous Blanc, “La liberté,” in Questions d’aujourd’hui et de demain (Paris: Dentu 1873–1882), 3.216–3.220. Freedom is defined as a pouvoir: “La liberté est le pouvoir qui appartient à l’homme d’exercer, à son gré, toutes ses facultés; elle a la justice pour règle, les droit d’autrui pour bornes, la nature pour principe et la loi pour sauvegarde.” “Droit, pouvoir, entre ces deux idées il existe la même différence qu’entre la théorie et la pratique, l’abstraction et la réalité, l’ombre et le corps. Qu’importe que vous disiez à ce paralytique qu’il a le droit de se lever et de marcher? il lui en faut le pouvoir. La question se réduit donc à chercher quel est l’ordre social dans lequel chacun pourrait le mieux développer à son gré toutes ses facultés sans nuire au développement de celles d’autrui.” Blanc, “La liberté,” 3.223. See also Louis Blanc, “Organisation du travail,” in Questions d’aujourd’hui et de demain (Paris: Dentu, 1873–1882), 4.18.

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  16. Blanc, “La liberté,” 2.23. Concerning the proletariat following the abolition of corporations and jurandes, he says: “Quant au peuple, n’ayant ni propriété, ni capitaux, ni avances, ne pouvant rien économiser sur le travail de la veille pour affronter sans danger le chômage du lendemain, de quelle valeur pouvait être pour lui le don de la liberté?” See also Louis Blanc, Pages d’histoire de la révolution de Février (Bruxelles, Méline, Cans et Cie, 1850), 213: “Or, je le demande, est-ce que, aujourd’hui, la possession des instruments de travail n’est pas un monopole? Comment donc celui qui ne les possède pas ne subirait-il pas la domination de celui qui les possède?”

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  17. Louis Blanc, “L’État dans la démocratie” (1849), in Questions d’aujourd’hui et de demain (Paris: Dentu, 1873–1882), 2.144–2.145.

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  18. Louis Blanc, “L’État anarchie de Proudhon,” in Questions d’aujourd’hui et de demain (Paris: Dentu, 1873–1882), 3.217: “La liberté! Ah, qu’on la définisse donc une fois pour toutes; qu’on ne la sépare pas de l’égalité et de la fraternité, ses divines compagnes; qu’on reconnaisse qu’elle doit exister pour tous, pour tous sans exception, sous peine de n’exister pas.”

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  19. Louis Blanc, “Proudhon et sa doctrine,” in Questions d’aujourd’hui et de demain (Paris: Dentu, 1873–1882), 3.184.

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  20. John Dewey, “Liberalism and Social Action,” in Later Works, vol. 11, ed. J. Dewey (Carbondale: Illinois University Press, 1968), 3–65.

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  21. Georges Gurvitch, La déclaration des droits sociaux (1946) (Paris: Dalloz, repr. 2009); Georges Gurvitch, L’idée du droit social. Notion et système du droit social. Histoire doctrinale depuis le début du XVIIème siècle jusqu à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Sirey, 1931).

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  22. Henry Carter Adams, “Democracy,” The New Englander 40 (November 1881): 760–761.

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  23. Ibid., 762; “English liberty places property and person upon the same basis … In France this seems inharmonious, property is always graded below persons as a thing not worthy of the same consideration.”

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  24. John Dewey, “The Meaning of the Term Liberalism” in Later Works, ed. J. Dewey (Carbondale: University of Illinois Press, 1968), 14.

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Stephen W. Sawyer Iain Stewart

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© 2016 Jean-Fabien Spitz

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Spitz, JF. (2016). On the Supposed Illiberalism of Republican Political Culture in France. In: Sawyer, S.W., Stewart, I. (eds) In Search of the Liberal Moment. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137581266_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137581266_6

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

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