Mapping Borders and Identity: Representation, Transformation, and Ethnicity
Abstract
As a car approaches a checkpoint along the US-Mexico border in the film Borderline (Seiter, 1950), its American passengers prepare to have their identity checked. The two protagonists of the film have been sent undercover into Mexico to bust a cross-border smuggling ring, and in the course of their investigations they assume different layers of disguise. As they complete their investigations and head to the American border, both characters are performing three separate identities concurrently: US police officers, criminals, and honey-mooners. The audience is aware of these shifting personas but neither character knows the real identity of the other. They cross back into the United States with their various layers of disguise intact, despite undergoing interrogation by an immigration official. This emphasis on disguise and identity is typical of several of the border-crossing films from this period. Alongside Borderline , for Border Incident (Mann, 1949), His Kind of Woman (Farrow, 1951), and Wetbacks (McCune, 1956) too, crossing the border initiates a process of identity transformation. These movies display a focus on undercover agents, disguise, and identity alongside their central thematic concern with journeys across the border.
Keywords
Police Officer Identity Transformation Racial Profile Mapping Border White ActorPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
- 1.Amanda Gilroy, “Introduction,” in Romantic Geographies: Discourses of Travel, 1775–1844, ed. Amanda Gilroy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 2.Google Scholar
- 3.For an account of the writing and implementation of the treaty, see Richard Griswold Del Castillo, “The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” in U.S.-Mexico Borderlands: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, ed. Oscar J. Martinez (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1996), 2–9.Google Scholar
- 4.David Lorey, The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century: A History of Economic and Social Transformation (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1999), 154.Google Scholar
- 5.Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation, trans. Sheila Faria Glaser (repr., Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994 [1981]), 1.Google Scholar
- 6.John Pickles, A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping and the Geo-Coded World (London: Routledge, 2004), 93.Google Scholar
- 8.Jeffrey Peters, Mapping Discord: Allegorical Cartography in Early Modern French Writing (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2004), 41.Google Scholar
- 9.Claire F.Fox, The Fence and the River: Culture and Politics at the U.S.Mexico Border (Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 50.Google Scholar
- 11.Giuliana Bruno, Atlas of Emotion: Journeys in Art, Architecture and Film (New York and London: Verso, 2002), 271.Google Scholar
- 12.Camilla Fojas, Border Bandits: Hollywood on the Southern Frontier (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2008), 184.Google Scholar
- 15.Paul Smethurst, Travel Writing and the Natural World: 1768–1840 (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013), 184.Google Scholar
- 17.John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 1.Google Scholar
- 18.Annette Kuhn, The Power of the Image: Essays on Representation and Sexuality (London: Routledge, 1985), 52.Google Scholar
- 19.Ray Hagen, “Claire Trevor: Brass with Class,” in Killer Tomatoes: Fifteen Tough Film Dames, by Ray Hagen and Laura Wagner (Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland and Co., Inc., Publishers, 2004), 222.Google Scholar
- 20.This understanding of the relationship between actors and characters is informed by Paul McDonald’s approach in Hollywood Stardom (Maiden: Wiley Blackwell, 2013) and his conflation of actor and character names as a means of demonstrating the important impact of star personas and brands on characters. See, for example, his analysis of Tom Hanks’s star brand, 65–83.Google Scholar
- 21.I use the term “Chicano” to refer historically to Mexicans or people of Mexican or mixed Mexican origin living in the United States rather than today’s more commonly accepted term “Mexican American” because it was the language used during the 1950s, the period that also saw the emergence of the Chicano movement. In this way, I seek also to begin to understand what this particular ethnic label meant at this point in time. I am not using Chicana/o here, because with its masculine (o) ending, Chicano deliberately retains the gender imbalance that female Mexicans and Mexican Americans faced at this time. On the emergence and use of these different labels, see Jacqueline M. Martinez, Phenomenology of Chicana Experience and Identity: Communication and Transformation in Praxis (Lanham, MD, and Oxford, UK: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000), 33–58.Google Scholar
- 22.Victoria Sturtevant, “Spitfire: Lupe Vêlez and the Ambivalent Pleasures of Ethnic Masquerade,” The Velvet Light Trap 55 (2005): 23–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.See Richard Rees, Shades of Difference: A History of Ethnicity in America (Lanham, MD, and Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2007), chapter 3 in particular.Google Scholar
- 25.Lester D. Friedman, “Celluloid Palimpsests: An Overview of Ethnicity and the American Film,” in Unspeakable Images: Ethnicity and the American Cinema, ed. Lester D. Friedman (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 24.Google Scholar
- 27.Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Colour: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 1999), 176, 6.Google Scholar
- 28.Diane Negra, Off White Hollywood: American Culture and Ethnic Female Stardom (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 6.Google Scholar
- 29.Clara E. Rodriguez, Heroes, Lovers and Others: The Story of Latinos in Hollywood (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2004), 110–11.Google Scholar
- 31.Mary Beltrán and Camilla Fojas, “Mixed Race in Hollywood Film and Media Culture,” in Mixed Race Hollywood, ed. Mary Beltrán and Camilla Fojas (New York and London: New York University Press, 2008), 3.Google Scholar
- 32.Gary Gerstle, American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 4.Google Scholar
- 36.William Anthony Nericcio, Tex[t]-Mex: Seductive Hallucinations of the “Mexican” in America (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 93.Google Scholar
- 37.Francisco Arturo Rosales, Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1997), 252.Google Scholar
- 38.For a history of Mexican experiences of assimilation in the United States, see Edward E. Telles and Vilma Ortiz, Generations of Exclusion: Mexican Americans, Assimilation, ani Race (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2008).Google Scholar
- 39.Dale Adams, “Saludos Amigos: Hollywood and FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy,” Quarterly Review of Film and Video 24 (3) (2007): 291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 40.Ian Roxborough, “Mexico,” in Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944–1948, ed. Leslie Bethell and Ian Roxborough (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 190–216.Google Scholar
- 41.Alfred Charles Richard Jr., Censorship and Hollywood’s Hispanic Image: An Interpretive Eilmography, 1936–1955 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993), xxix.Google Scholar
- 47.See Emilio Garcia Riera, Mexico Visto Por el Cine Extranjero 4: 1941/1969: Eilmografia (Guadalajara: Universidad de Guadalajara, 1988), 60.Google Scholar
- 49.People Helping People in the Border Zone, “Community Report: Campaign Documents Systemic Racial Discrimination at Arizona Border Patrol Checkpoint,” accessed February 20, 2015, http://phparivaca.org/?p=567 See also Mary Romero, “Racial Profiling and Immigration Law Enforcement: Rounding up of Usual Suspects in the Latino Community,” Critical Sociology 32 (2–3) (2006): 447–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar