“Walking Bibles”: Narrating Female Pentecostal Ministry

  • Leah Payne
Part of the CHARIS: Christianity and Renewal—Interdisciplinary Studies book series (CHARIS)

Abstract

The manner in which the ministry was gendered male was not the only impediment for women entering the pastorate. The inconsonance between the identities of woman and minister was compounded by the legal prescriptions in the New Testament used to ward off ministers. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to show how Maria Woodworth-Etter and Aimee Semple McPherson used Pentecostal readings of the Bible to authorize their ministry. First, the chapter discusses the set of scriptures that most American Protestants used to argue for or against female pastors. Then, it outlines the passages that Woodworth-Etter and McPherson used to authorize their ministries. Their approaches show early Pentecostal hermeneutics at work and demonstrate how their biblical interpretations allowed the women to circumvent fundamentalist-modernist arguments about the Bible while supporting pastoral identities built on biblical prototypes.

Keywords

Divine Love Pastoral Identity Female Minister Holy Ghost Ministerial Authority 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. 1.
    Nathan O. Hatch and Mark A. Noll, The Bible in America: Essays in Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 4.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    Sally K. Gallagher, Evangelical Identity and Gendered Family Life (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003), 36.Google Scholar
  3. 4.
    In this monograph I use the King James Version of every text because this was the version used by most revivalists in the 1890s–1920s. American Bible Society, The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments (New York: American Bible Society, 1901). 5. Nesbitt, Feminization of the Clergy in America: Occupational and Organizational Perspectives, 15.Google Scholar
  4. 9.
    Lois A. Boyd and R. Douglas Brackenridge, Presbyterian Women in America: Two Centuries of a Quest for Status, 2nd ed., Contributions to the Study of Religion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996), 101; Nesbitt, Feminization of the Clergy in America: Occupational and Organizational Perspectives, 21.Google Scholar
  5. 10.
    Louisa M. Woosley, Shall Woman Preach? Or, the Question Answered (Caneyville, KY: Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 1891).Google Scholar
  6. 11.
    W. T. Stead, Life of Mrs. Booth, the Founder of the Salvation Army (New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1900), 92.Google Scholar
  7. 12.
    Betty A. DeBerg, Ungodly Women: Gender and the First Wave of American Fundamentalism (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2000), 77.Google Scholar
  8. 15.
    Benjamin L. Hartley, Evangelicals at a Crossroads: Revivalism and Social Reform in Boston, 1860–1910, 1st ed., Revisiting New England: The New Regionalism (Durham: University of New Hampshire Press, 2011), 119–20.Google Scholar
  9. 17.
    W. M. C. Ladd, “George Adam Smith and Others,” The American Friend 6, no. 42 (1899): 997.Google Scholar
  10. 19.
    Priscilla Pope-Levinson, “Revivalism,” in Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, ed. Rosemary Skinner Keller, Rosemary Radford Ruether, and Marie Cantlon (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006), 422.Google Scholar
  11. 21.
    Katherine Caroline Bushnell, God’s Word to Women: One Hundred Bible Studies on Women’s Place in the Divine Economy, 2d ed. (Oakland, CA: K.C. Bushnell, 1930), 231.Google Scholar
  12. See also Alma White, The New Testament Church (Denver, CO: Pillar of Fire, 1907), 218.Google Scholar
  13. 22.
    See, for example, Carrie Judd Montgomery, “The Fulness of the Spirit,” Triumphs of Faith 49, no. 9(1929); Bushnell, God’s Word to Women: One Hundred Bible Studies on Women’s Place in the Divine Economy, 260; Society, The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments:, White, The New Testament Church, 223; Henry Eyster Jacobs, A Summary of the Christian Faith (Philadelphia, PA: General Council Publication House, 1905), 592.Google Scholar
  14. 23.
    Alma White, The New Testament Church (Bound Brook, NJ: The Pentecostal Union, 1912), 223.Google Scholar
  15. 26.
    Frederick E. Taylor, “The Gospel for This Age,” The Bible Magazine by Bible Teachers Training School 1, no. 7 (1913): 518.Google Scholar
  16. 27.
    Billy Sunday and William T. Ellis, “Billy” Sunday, the Man and His Message, with His Own Words Which Have Won Thousands for Christ, Authorized ed. (Philadelphia, PA: The John C. Winston Company, 1914), 77.Google Scholar
  17. 29.
    Kendra Irons, “Madeline Southard (1877–1967) on ‘Ecclesial Suffrage’,” Methodist History 45, no. 1 (2006): 16.Google Scholar
  18. 30.
    Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, “Woman’s Privilege in the Gospel,” in Marvels and Miracles God Wrought in the Mnistry for Forty-Five Years (Indianapolis, IN: Mrs. M. B. W. Etter, 1922), 552–61.Google Scholar
  19. 31.
    Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Marvels and Miracles God Wrought in the Ministry for Forty-Five Years (Indianapolis, IN: Mrs. M. B. W. Etter, 1922), 13–14.Google Scholar
  20. 34.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, This Is That: Personal Experiences, Sermons and Writings of Aimee Semple McPherson (Los Angeles, CA: Echo Park Evangelistic Association, 1923), 57.Google Scholar
  21. 36.
    Maria Beulah Woodworth, The Life, Work, and Experience of Mariah Beulah Woodworth (St. Louis, MO: Commercial Printing Company, 1894), 439.Google Scholar
  22. 44.
    Etter, Signs and Wonders God Wrought in the Ministry for Forty Years, 30; Woodworth-Etter, Marvels and Miracles God Wrought in the Ministry for Forty-Five Years, 13–14; Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Life and Testimony of Mrs. M. B. Woodworth-Etter (Indianapolis, IN: August Feick, 1925), 180–1;Google Scholar
  23. Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Acts of the Holy Ghost (Dallas, TX: John P. Worley Printing, 1912), 34, 480.Google Scholar
  24. 48.
    Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, The Life, Work, and Experience of Maria Woodworth, Evangelist, Written by Herself, 227; Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Signs and Wonders (New Kensington, PA: Whitaker House, 1997), 106.Google Scholar
  25. 49.
    Sharon Hays, The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 39–54; Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Spirit Filled Sermons, 10.Google Scholar
  26. 51.
    Emily Oliver Gibbes, The Origin of Sin, and Dotted Words in the Hebrew Bible (New York: C.T. Dillingham, 1893), 300–1.Google Scholar
  27. 53.
    William Mackintosh Mackay, The Woman of Tact, and Other Bible Types of Modern Women (New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1912), 79–80.Google Scholar
  28. 55.
    G. Selikowitsch, “Flats and Sharps,” The Advocate: America’s Jewish Journal 37, no. 1 (1909): 15.Google Scholar
  29. 56.
    W. M. Flinders Petrie, Egypt and Israel (New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowlegde; E. S. Gorham, etc., 1911), 26.Google Scholar
  30. 59.
    J. Glentworth Butler, The Bible-Work (New York: The Butler Bible-Work Company, 1892), 191.Google Scholar
  31. 60.
    Joseph Barber Lightfoot, Leaders in the Northern Church: Sermons Preached in the Diocesse of Durham (New York: Macmillan, 1890), 59.Google Scholar
  32. 61.
    Grace Aguilar, The Women of Israel (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1888), 210.Google Scholar
  33. 62.
    William Pringle Livingston, Mary Slessor of Calabar (New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1916), 170.Google Scholar
  34. 64.
    Frank K. Sims, “A Model Mother and a Father Who Failed,” Expositor and Current Anecdotes 11, no. 1 (1909): 507;Google Scholar
  35. Dinsdale T. Young, The Crimson Book (New York: A. C. Armstrong and Son, 1903), 283.Google Scholar
  36. 65.
    Maria Beulah Woodworth-Etter, Trials and Triumphs of the Evangelist Mrs. M. B. Woodworth Written by Herself (St. Louis, MO: Mrs. M. B. Woodworth, 1885), 50.Google Scholar
  37. 102.
    A. B. Simpson, Wholly Sanctified, On Cover: The Alliance Colportage Series (New York: Christian Alliance Publishing, 1890), 7.Google Scholar
  38. 103.
    A. B. Simpson, A Larger Christian Life (New York: Christian Alliance Publishing, 1889), 89.Google Scholar
  39. 110.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Temple of the Word: Dome of Revelations,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 11, no. 3 (1927): 15.Google Scholar
  40. 113.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Temple of the Word: Dome of Revelations,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 11, no. 3 (1927): 11.Google Scholar
  41. 114.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Story of My Life,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 8, no. 10 (1925): 18.Google Scholar
  42. 115.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Vacant Chair,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 8, no. 10 (1925): 14.Google Scholar
  43. 120.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “Drops from Ye Editorial Brow,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 15, no. 5 (1931): 2.Google Scholar
  44. 127.
    Richard Dyer MacCann, Films of the 1920s, American Movies (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1996), 44.Google Scholar
  45. 134.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Foursquare Gospel,” The Bridal Call Foursguctre 2, no. 2 (1929): 4.Google Scholar
  46. 135.
    See, for example, “Evangelist to End Services Tomorrow,” The Owosso Argus Press, March 22, 1930, 145; J. Pressler Barrett, “Brethren, Can This Be Possible?,” The Herald of Gospel Liberty 110, no. 48 (1918); J. Corson Miller, “A Bride of Christ,” Catholic World 112, no. 667 (1920); Elizabeth Randolph, “Young People’s Work,” The Sabbath Recorder 89, no. 1 (1920); Church of God (Cleveland), The Book of Doctrines: Issued in the Interest of the Church of God (Cleveland, TN: Church of God Publishing House, 1922), 145;Google Scholar
  47. Keith L. Brooks, Sermon Illustrations of the Bible, Topicczlly Arranged (Los Angeles: Bible Institute of Los Angeles, 1920), 14;Google Scholar
  48. Clarence Larkin, Rightly Dividing the Word (Philadelphia, PA: Fox Chase, 1921), 47;Google Scholar
  49. James Moore Hickson, The Healing of Christ in His Church (New York: E. S. Gorham, 1919), 43;Google Scholar
  50. Jonathan Ritchie Smith, The Wall and the Gates (Philadelphia, PA: The Westminster Press, 1919), 186;Google Scholar
  51. Alanson Wilcox, A History of the Disciples of Christ (Cincinnati, OH: The Standard Publishing Company, 1918), 140.Google Scholar
  52. 138.
    Douglas G. Jacobsen, Thinking in the Spirit: Theologies of the Early Pentecostal Movement (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003), 102–3.Google Scholar
  53. 139.
    A. T. Lange, “The Glory That Excelleth,” Triumphs of Faith 29, no. 11 (1909): 255.Google Scholar
  54. 140.
    William Seymour, “Behold the Bridegroom Cometh,” The Apostolic Faith 1, no. 5 (1907): 2.Google Scholar
  55. 141.
    William Seymour, “The Holy Ghost and His Bride,” in The Azusa Street Revival (Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image Publishers, 2006): 129.Google Scholar
  56. 142.
    George Floyd Taylor, The Spiritand the Bride: A Scriptural Presentation of the Operations, Manifestations, Gifts and Fruit of the Holy Spirit in His Relation to the Bride with Special Reference to The “Latter Rain” Revival (Dunn, NC, 1907).Google Scholar
  57. 146.
    In many ways, McPherson’s erotic treatment of the relationship between the bridegroom and the bride of Christ resembled Medieval interpretations of the figure. See Dyan Elliott, “The Eroticized Bride of Hagiography,” in The Bride of Christ Goes to Hell: Metaphor and Embodiment in the Lives of Pious Women, 200–1500, The Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia, PA: University of Philadelphia Press, 2012), 174–233.Google Scholar
  58. 147.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Song of Songs: An Exposition of the Song of Solomon by Aimee Semple McPherson,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 8, no. 7 (1929): 13.Google Scholar
  59. 154.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “The Holy Spirit in Old Testament Types and Shadows,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 11, no. 2 (1927): 30.Google Scholar
  60. 157.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “This Is That,” The Bridal Call 2, no. 11 (1920): 1.Google Scholar
  61. 158.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, This Is That: Personal Experiences, Sermons, Writings of Aimee Semple McPherson (Los Angeles: Foursquare Publications, 1979): 251–252.Google Scholar
  62. 159.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “Lost and Restored: Or the Dispensation of the Holy Spirit from the Ascension of the Lord Jesus to His Coming Descension,” The Bridal Call 1, no. 2 (1918): 1.Google Scholar
  63. 165.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “Rebekah at the Well,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 15, no. 5 (1926): 9.Google Scholar
  64. 173.
    Aimee Semple McPherson, “Roberta Star Semple,” The Bridal Call Foursquare 12, no. 4 (1928): 10.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Leah Payne 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Leah Payne

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations