Exploring the Intersecting Impact of Gender and Citizenship on Spatial and Academic Career Mobility

  • Kyoko Shinozaki
Part of the Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship book series (MDC)

Abstract

The above two epigraphs pinpoint just how fundamentally Germany’s official discourse about (not) being a country of immigration has changed in the matter of only a decade. Then-Minister of Interior Wolfgang Schäuble repeated the long-lived, common official understanding of German nationhood as not a country of immigration, as many other politicians have done. Despite Germany’s historical experience of receiving a large number of migrants in both the distant and more recent past (Bade 2000; Hoerder 2002), his statement reaffirmed the widespread discourse that Germany has formally maintained its stance of no new labour recruitment, the principle that has been in place since the ending of its guest-worker programme in the mid-1970s (Brubaker 1992; Pries 2012; Thränhardt 1992).

Keywords

Labour Market Migration Background Skilled Migrant German Citizenship Spatial Mobility 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ackers, L. (2010) ‘Internationalisation and Equality: The Contribution of Short Stay Mobility to Progression Science Careers’, Recherches sociologiques et anthropologiques, XLI(1), 83–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Bade, K.J. (2000) Europa in Bewegung: Migration vom späten 18. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart (München, C.H. Beck).Google Scholar
  3. Baláž, V. and A.M. Williams (2004) ‘ “Been There, Done That”: International Student Migration and Human Capital Transfers from the UK to Slovakia’, Population, Space and Place, 10(3), 217–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Bauder, H. (2015) ‘The International Mobility of Academics: A Labour Market Perspective’, International Migration, 53(1), 83–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Bauschke-Urban, C. (2010) Im Transit: Transnationalisierungsprozesse in der Wissenschaft (Wiesbaden, GE: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Beaufaÿs, S. (2003) Wie werden Wissenschaftler gemacht Beobachtungen zur wechselseitigen Konstitution von Geschlecht und Wissenschaft, Bielefeld, transcript.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Beaufaÿs, S., A. Engels and H. Kahlert (2012) ‘Einleitung: Einfach Spitze?’ in S. Beaufaÿs, A. Engels and H. Kahlert (eds.) Einfach Spitze? Neue Geschlechterperspektiven auf Karrieren in der Wissenschaft (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus), pp. 7–22.Google Scholar
  8. Bhabha, J. (1999) ‘Belonging in Europe: Citizenship and Post-National Eights’, International Social Science Journal, 51(1), 11–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Bilecen, Bas¸ak (2014) International Mobility and Transnational Friendships (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. BMWI, BMAS and BA (2015) Make It in Germany [Online]. Available online at: www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/for-qualified-professionals/make-it-in-germany/the-initiative (accessed: 20 April 2015).Google Scholar
  11. Bouffier, A. and A. Wolffram (2012) ‘Welcher Weg führt zum Ziel? Migrations- und Karrierewege von Ingenieurinnen und Naturwissenschaftlerinnen aus osteuropäischen Staaten an deutschen Universitäten’, in S. Beaufaÿs, A. Engels and H. Kahlert (eds.) Einfach Spitze? Neue Geschlechterperspektiven auf Karrieren in der Wissenschaft (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus), pp. 145–173.Google Scholar
  12. Brooks, R. and Waters, J.L. (2011) Student Mobilities, Migration and the Internationalization of Higher Education (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Brown, P., H. Lauder and D. Ashton (2011) The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs and Incomes (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
  14. Brubaker, R. (1992) Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
  15. Busch, A. and E. Holst (2009) ‘Glass Ceiling Effect and Earnings: The Gender Pay Gap in Management Positions in Germany’, DIW Discussion Papers 905. Available online at: http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/99981/dp905.pdf (accessed: 7 May 2015).
  16. DAAD (2014) Wissenschaft Weltoffen 2014: Daten und Fakten zur Internationalität von Studium (Bielefeld: Bertelsmann).Google Scholar
  17. Dernbach, A. (2006) ‘Wir sind kein Einwanderungsland’, Der Tagesspiegel, 7 December 2006. Available online at: www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/wir-sind-kein-einwanderungsland/783936.html (accessed: 7 May 2015).
  18. Diehl, C. and P. Fick (2012) ‘Deutschsein auf Probe: Der Umgang deutsch-türkischer junger Erwachsener mit dem Optionsmodell’, Soziale Welt, 63, 339–360.Google Scholar
  19. Erel, U. (2003) ‘Skilled Migrant Women and Citizenship’, in M. Morokvasic, U. Erel and K. Shinozaki (eds.) Crossing Borders and Shifting Boundaries: Gender on the Move (Opladen: Leske + Budrich), pp. 261–283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration (2013) Jahresgutachten 2013 mit Migrationsbarometer (Berlin: SVR).Google Scholar
  21. Expert Council of German Foundations on Integration and Migration (2011) Migrationsland 2011: Jahresgutachten 2011 mit Migrationsbarometer (Berlin: SVR).Google Scholar
  22. Favell, A. (2008) ‘The New Face of East–West Migration in Europe’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(5), 701–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Federal Ministry of the Interior (n.d.) Labor Migration. Available online at: www.bmi.bund.de/EN/Topics/Migration-Integration/Immigration/labour-migration/labour-migration_node.html (accessed: 7 May 2015).
  24. Federal Ministry of the Interior (2012) Hinweise des Bundesministeriums des Innern zu wesentlichen Änderungen durch das Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Hochqualifizierten-Richtlinie (vom 1. Juni 2012, BGBl. I S. 1224). Available online at: www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Themen/MigrationIntegration/Auslaender/hochqualifiziertenrichtlinie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile (accessed: 7 May 2015).Google Scholar
  25. Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (2006–2015) Migrationsbericht (BAMF).Google Scholar
  26. Federal Statistical Office (2015) Population Based on the 2011 Census. Available online at: https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables/Census_SexAndCitizenship.html (accessed: 9 September 2015).Google Scholar
  27. Federal Statistical Office (2013) Hochqualifizierte in Deutschland: Erhebung zu Karriereverläufen und internationaler Mobilität von Hochqualifizierten 2011 (Federal Statistical Office).Google Scholar
  28. Federal Statistical Office (2006–2014) Bildung und Kultur: Personal an Hochschulen (Wiesbaden: Federal Statistical Office).Google Scholar
  29. Findlay, A.M. (2011) ‘An Assessment of Supply and Demand-side Theorizations of International Student Mobility’, International Migration, 49(2), 162–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Findlay, A.M., R. King, F.M. Smith, A. Geddes, and R. Skeldon (2012) ‘World Class? An Investigation of Globalisation, Difference and International Student Mobility’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 37(1), 118–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Findlay, A., R. King, A. Stam, and E. Ruiz-Gelices (2006) ‘Ever Reluctant Europeans: The Changing Geographies of UK Students Studying and Working Abroad’, European Urban and Regional Studies, 13(4), 291–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Gerdes, J. and T. Faist (2006) ‘Von ethnischer zu republikanischer Integration: Der Diskurs um die Reform des deutschen Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetzes’, Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 16(3), 313–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. Gresch, C. and C. Kristen (2011) ‘Staatsbürgerschaft oder Migrationshintergrund? Ein Vergleich unterschiedlicher Operationalisierungsweisen am Beispiel der Bildungsbeteiligung’, Zeitschrift für Soziologie, 40(3), 208–227.Google Scholar
  34. Heß, B. (2009) Zuwanderung von Hochqualifizierten aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer schriftlichen Befragung, Working Paper der Forschungsgruppe des Bundesamtes 28.Google Scholar
  35. Hoerder, D. (2002) Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Iredale, R. (2005) ‘Gender, Immigration Policies and Accreditation: Valuing the Skills of Professional Women Migrants’, Geoforum, 36(2), 155–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Jahr, V. and U. Teichler (2002) ‘Employment and Work of Former Mobile Students’, in U. Teicherl (ed.) ERASMUS in the SOCRATES Programme (Bonn: Lemmens), pp. 117–135.Google Scholar
  38. Jöns, H. (2011) ‘Transnational Academic Mobility and Gender’, Globalisation, Societies and Education, 9(2), 183–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Kahlert, H. (2012) ‘Was kommt nach der Promotionß: Karriereorientierungen und — pläne des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses im Fächer- und Geschlechtervergleich’, in S. Beaufaÿs, A. Engels and H. Kahlert (eds.) Einfach Spitze? Neue Geschlechterperspektiven auf Karrieren in der Wissenschaft (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus), pp. 57–86.Google Scholar
  40. Klingert, I. and A.H. Block (2013) Ausländische Wissenschaftler in Deutschland, Working Paper der Forschungsgruppe des Bundesamtes 50.Google Scholar
  41. Knight, J. (2007) ‘Cross-Border Tertiary Education: An Introduction’, in OECD (ed.) Cross-Border Tertiary Education: A Way Towards Capacity Development (Paris: OECD; World Bank), pp. 21–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Kofman, E. (2014) ‘Towards a Gendered Evaluation of (Highly) Skilled Immigration Policies in Europe’, International Migration, 52(3), 116–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Kofman, E. (2013) ‘Gendered Labour Migrations in Europe and Emblematic Migratory Figures’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(4), 579–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Kofman, E. (2000) ‘The Invisibility of Skilled Female Migrants and Gender Relations in Studies of Skilled Migration in Europe’, International Journal of Population Geography, 6(1), 45–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Kofman, E. and P. Raghuram (2005) ‘Gender and Skilled Migrants: Into and Beyond the Work Place’, Geoforum, 36(2), 149–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Kolb, H. (2003) Pragmatische Routine und symbolische Inszenierungen: zum Ende der Green Card, Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, 7, 231–235.Google Scholar
  47. Kreckel, R. ed. (2008) Zwischen Promotion und Professur: Das wissenschaftliche Personal in Deutschland im Vergleich mit Frankreich, Großbritannien, USA, Schweden, den Niederlanden, Österreich und der Schweiz (Leipzig: Akad. Verl.-Anst).Google Scholar
  48. Lenz, I. (2013) ‘Von den klassischen Dualismen zur Differenzierung der Differenzen?’ in L. Pries (ed.) Zusammenhalt durch Vielfalt? Bindungskräfte der Vergesellschaftung im 21. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden: Springer VS), pp. 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Leung, M. (2011) ‘Of Corridors and Chains: Translocal Developmental Impacts of Academic Mobility between China and Germany’, International Development Planning Review, 33(4), 475–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Löther, A. (2012) ‘Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler mit Migrationshintergrund’, die hochschule, 1, 36–54.Google Scholar
  51. Lutz, H. (2011) The New Maids: Transnational Women and the Care Economy (London, New York: Zed Books).Google Scholar
  52. Man, G. (2004) ‘Gender, Work and Migration: Deskilling Chinese Immigrant Women in Canada’, Womens Studies International Forum, 27(2), 135–148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Morawska, E. (2001) ‘Gappy Immigration Controls, Resourceful Migrants, and Pendel Communities: East-West European Travelers’, in V. Guiraudon and C. Joppke (eds.) Controlling a New Migration World (London: Routledge), pp. 173–199.Google Scholar
  54. Morokvasic, M. (2003) ‘Transnational Mobility and Gender: A View from PostWall Europe’, in M. Morokvasic´, U. Erel and K. Shinozaki (eds.) Crossing Borders and Shifting Boundaries: Gender on the Move (Opladen: Leske +Budrich), pp. 101–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Morokvasic´, M. (1984) ‘Birds of Passage are also Women… ’, International Migration Review, 18(4), 886–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Morokvasic, M. 2004. “‘Settled in Mobility’: Engendering Post-Wall Migration in Europe”, Feminist Review (77): 7–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Neusel, A. et al. (2014) Internationale Mobilität und Professur: Kursfassung ausgewählter Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt ‘Internationale Mobilität und Professur’ (Berlin: MOBIL).Google Scholar
  58. Nohl, A-M. et al. (2014) Work in Transition. Cultural Capital and Highly Skilled Migrants’ Passages into the Labour Market (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).Google Scholar
  59. OECD (2014) Education at a Glance 2014: OECD Indicators (Paris: OECD Publishing).Google Scholar
  60. OECD (2013) Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Germany (Paris: OECD).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Ong, A. (1999) Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).Google Scholar
  62. Parreñas, R.S. (2001) Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).Google Scholar
  63. Personal Communications (2014) Interview with the Foreigners’ Affairs Office Frankfurt a.M., 22 January.Google Scholar
  64. Pries, L. (2012) ‘Migration und Integration in Deutschland: Lebenslügen, Stereotypen und wissenschaftliche Befunde’, in A. Heinz and U. Kluge (eds.) EinwanderungBedrohung oder Zukunft? Mythen und Fakten zur Integration (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus), pp. 213–232.Google Scholar
  65. Pries, L. (2008) ‘Internationalisierung von Arbeitsmobilität durch Arbeitsmigration’, in F. Böhle (ed.) Handbuch Arbeitssoziologie (Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften), pp. 729–747.Google Scholar
  66. Raghuram, P. (2004) ‘The Difference that Skills Make: Gender, Family Migration Strategies and Regulated Labour Markets’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(2), 303–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Shinozaki, K. (2015) Migrant Citizenship from Below: Family, Domestic Work, and Social Activism in Irregular Migration (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. Shinozaki, K. (2014a) ‘Skill-Based and Gendered Access to Citizenship and Transnational Mobility’, in J. Gruhlich and B. Riegraf (eds) Geschlecht und transnationale Räume: Feministische Perspektiven auf neue Ein- und Ausschlüsse (Münster: Westfälisches Dampfboot), pp. 45–63.Google Scholar
  69. Shinozaki, K. (2014b) ‘Career Strategies and Spatial Mobility among Skilled Migrants in Germany: The Role of Gender in the Work-Family Interaction’, Journal for Economic and Social Geography, 105(5), 526–541.Google Scholar
  70. Sondhi, G. (2013) Gendering International Student Mobility: Gendering International Student Mobility: An Indian Case Study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sussex. Available online at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/46066/ (accessed: 7 May 2015).Google Scholar
  71. Thränhardt, D. (1992) ‘Germany: Undeclared Immigration Country’, in D. Thränhardt (ed.) Europe – A New Immigration Continent: Policies and Politics in Comparative Perspective, (Münster: LIT), pp. 198–223.Google Scholar
  72. Waters, J.L. (2006) ‘Geographies of Cultural Capital: Education, International Migration and Family Strategies between Hong Kong and Canada’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 31(2), 179–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Xiang, B. and W. Shen (2009) ‘International Student Migration and Social Stratification in China’, International Journal of Educational Development, 29(5), 513–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Yeoh, B. and K. Willis (2004) ‘Constructing Masculinities in Transnational Space: Singapore Men on the “regional beat” ’, in P. Jackson, P. Crang and C. Dwyer (eds.) Transnational Spaces (London, New York: Routledge), pp. 147–163.Google Scholar
  75. Zlotnik, H. (1995) ‘The South-to-North Migration of Women’, International Migration Review, 29(1), 229–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Kyoko Shinozaki 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Kyoko Shinozaki

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations