Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East pp 1-21 | Cite as
Introduction
Abstract
In the course of human events, we are often reminded that much in life is unpredictable. Many of life’s most significant events catch us by surprise. The Iranian Revolution of 1979, the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989, the attack on America’s Twin Towers on September 11, 2001, the housing bubble in 2007, and the Arab Awakening of 2011 immediately come to mind. Despite the best efforts of pundits, academics, and intelligence analysts to forecast the future, historical events periodically remind us of our limitations to do so. December 17, 2010, was such an event. No one could have predicted that a seemingly inconsequential event in a tiny—and some would say a minor—player in the Middle East, Tunisia, would change the course of history throughout the broader Middle East. But it did. A 26-year-old street vendor, Mohamed Bouazizi, set himself on fire in utter desperation and protest at the injustice of the status quo. By March 2011, protests had swept the broader Middle East. Some regimes survived; others crumbled. There is still much we do not understand about the events of 2010–2011; however, we do know that the sociopolitical fabric of the region has been forever altered.
Keywords
Middle East Relative Deprivation Social Unrest Arab State Military SchoolPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
- 1.For example, see F. Gregory Gause III, “Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring: The Myth of Authoritarian Stability,” Foreign Affairs 90, 4 (July/August 2011): 81–90;Google Scholar
- Kenneth McKenzie and Elizabeth Packard, “Enduring Interests and Partnerships: Military-to-Military Relationships in the Arab Spring,” Prism 3, 1 (December 2011): 99–106;Google Scholar
- Dennis Blair, “Military Support for Democracy,” Prism 3, 3 (June 2012): 3–16.Google Scholar
- 2.Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.Ashraf Khalil, Liberation Square: Inside the Egyptian Revolution and the Rebirth of a Nation (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011), 8.Google Scholar
- 6.Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown Business, 2012), 68–81.Google Scholar
- 7.Ellen Lust-Kar, Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents, and Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).Google Scholar
- 9.Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), 13.Google Scholar
- 10.Louis Kriesberg and Bruce W. Dayton, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, 4th ed. (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2012), 49–80.Google Scholar
- 11.Suzanne Maloney, “The Economic Dimension: The Price of Freedom,” in The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, ed. Kenneth Pollack, et al. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 66–75.Google Scholar
- 12.Alison Pargeter, Libya: the Rise and Fall of Gaddafi (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013), 6.Google Scholar
- 17.For a deeper discussion of social movement literature, see Dennis Chong, Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1991);Google Scholar
- Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930–1970 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1970);Google Scholar
- Terry Moe, The Organization of Interests: Incentives and the Internal Dynamics of Political Interest Groups (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1980).Google Scholar
- 18.Shibley Telhami, “Arab Public Opinion: What Do They Want?” in The Arab Awakening: America and the Transformation of the Middle East, ed. Kenneth Pollack et al. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), 13–20.Google Scholar
- 22.John Cope, International Military Education and Training: An Assessment. McNair Paper 44 (Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies and National Defense University, 1996); Richard Grimmett and Mark P. Sullivan, “United States Army School of the Americas: Background and Congressional Concerns,” CRS Issue Brief (August 2000).Google Scholar
- 23.Jennifer Taw, Thailand and the Philippines: Case Studies in U.S. IMET Training and Its Role in Internal Defense and Development (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1994), 55.Google Scholar
- 24.Elizer Be’eri, Army Officers in Arab Politics and Society (New York: Praeger, 1970).Google Scholar
- 27.Assaf David and Oren Barak, “How the New Arab Media Challenges the Arab Militaries: The Case of the War between Israel and Hizbullah in 2006,” The Middle East Institute Policy Brief 20 (October 2008): 5.Google Scholar
- 29.“Makhzen,” Encyclopedia of Islam (EI1), 1st ed., vol. 3, p. 170. Cited in J. C. Hurewitz, Middle East Politics: The Military Dimension (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969), 46.Google Scholar