Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research: Embryos and Beyond

  • Inmaculada de Melo-Martin
  • Marin Gillis

Chapter Summary

In this chapter, Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Marin Gillis begin by presenting some background on embryonic stem cells, including on why their distinctive feature — the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell in the body — is thought to hold so much biomedical research and therapeutic potential. They then explore the ethical issues raised by the use of stem cells in research and treatment. Among the issues they discuss are: the moral status of the embryos that are destroyed in the derivation of stem cells; safety and informed consent by patients who undergo stem cell based therapies; obtaining ova from women to create embryos for research; and justice concerns related to the inequality in access to novel medical technologies.

Keywords

Stem Cell Embryonic Stem Cell Moral Status Human Embryonic Stem Cell Adult Stem Cell 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Works Cited

  1. M. R. Alison, et al. (2000) ‘Hepatocytes from non-hepatic adult stem cells,’ Nature, 406: 257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. S. Altman (1991) ‘Commodifying Experience,’ Southern California Law Review, 65: 293–340, 293.Google Scholar
  3. M. Amit, et al. (2003) ‘Human Feeder Layers for Human Embryonic Stem Cells,’ Biological Reproduction, 68(6): 2150–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs Available at www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList302/87DC95FCA3C3D63EC1256B66005B3F6C (accessed April 2006).
  5. F. Baylis (2000) ‘Our Cells/Ourselves: Creating Human Embryos for Stem Cell Research,’ Women’s Health Issues, 10(3): 140–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. M. Brehm, T. Zeus, and B. E. Strauer (2002) ‘Stem cells — clinical application and perspectives, Herz, 27(7): 611–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. L. S. Cahill (2000) ‘Social ethics of embryo and stem cell research,’ Women’s Health Issues, 10: 131–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Y. Chung, I. Klimanskaya, S. Becker, et al. (2005) ‘Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomeres,’ Nature (Oct 16).Google Scholar
  9. I. de Melo-Martin (1997) Making Babies. Biomedical Technologies, Reproductive Ethics, and Public Policy (Dordrecht: Kluwer University Press).Google Scholar
  10. I. de Melo-Martin, and C. Hanks (2001) ‘Genetic technologies and women: the importance of context,’ Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 21(5): 354–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. D. Dickenson (2001) ‘Property and women’s alienation from their own labour,’ Bioethics 15: 204–17.Google Scholar
  12. S. Dodds (2004) ‘Women, commodification, and embryonic stem cell research’ in Stem Cell Research: Biomedical Ethics Reviews, J. Humber and R. Almeder, (eds) (Towota, New Jersey: Humana Press).Google Scholar
  13. R. M. Doerflinger (1999) ‘The ethics of funding embryonic stem cell research: a Catholic viewpoint,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 9: 137–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. M. A. Eglitis, and E. Mezey (1997) ‘Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 94: 4080–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. R. Faden, and T. Beauchamp (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
  16. G. Ferrari, et al. (1998) ‘Muscle regeneration by bone marrow-derived myogenic progenitors,’ Science, 279: 1528–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. S. Filip, J. Mokry, and I. Hruska (2003) ‘Adult stem cells and their importance in cell therapy,’ Folia Biologica, 49(1): 9–14.Google Scholar
  18. R. Green (2001) The Human Embryo Research Debates: Bioethics in the Vortex of Controversy (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
  19. A-K. Hadjantonakis, V. E. Papaioannou (2001) ‘The stem cells of early embryos,’ Differentiation, 68: 159–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. S. Hall (2003) ‘The Recycled Generation,’ New York Times Magazine (January): 30.Google Scholar
  21. T. Hamasaki et al. (2003) ‘Neuronal cell migration for the developmental formation of the mammalian striatum,’ Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews, 41(1): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Q. He et al. (2003) ‘Embryonic stem cells: new possible therapy for degenerative diseases that affect elderly people,’ Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58(3): 279–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. R. Hoedemaekers, H. ten Have, R. Chadwick (1997) ’Genetic screening: a comparative analysis of three recent reports,’ Journal of Medical Ethics 23(3): 135–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. S. Holland (2001) ‘Contested commodities at both ends of life: buying and selling gametes, embryos, and body tissues,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 11(3): 263–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. S. Holland, and D. Davis (eds) (2001) ‘Special Issue: Who’s afraid of commodification,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 11.Google Scholar
  26. J. Katz (1972) Experimenting with Human Beings (New York: Russell Sage Foundation).Google Scholar
  27. L. Knowles (1999) ‘Property, patents, progeny,’ Hastings Center Report, 2: 38–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. A. Lakatos, and R. J. Franklin (2002) ‘Transplant mediated repair of the central nervous system: an imminent solution?’ Current Opinion Neurology, 15(6): 701–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. P. Lauritzen (2001) ‘Neither person nor property: embryo research and the status of the early embryo,’ America, (March 26).Google Scholar
  30. J. W. Lim, and A. Bodnar (2002) ‘Proteome analysis of conditioned medium from mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers which support the growth of human embryonic stem cells,’ Proteomics, 2(9): 1187–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. K. Margolin (2002) ‘High dose chemotherapy and stem cell support in the treatment of germ cell cancer,’ Journal of Urology, 169(4): 1229–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. D. Marquis (1989) ‘Why Abortion Is Immoral,’ Journal of Philosophy, 86(4): 470–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. K. A. Marr, et al. (2002) ‘Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: changes in epidemiology and risk factors,’ Blood, 100(13): 4358–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. G. McGee, and A. Caplan (1999) ‘The ethics and politics of small sacrifices in stem cell research,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 9(2): 151–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. A. McLaren (2001) Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research, Nature 414: 129–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. G. Meilaender (2001) ‘The point of a ban: or how to think about stem cell research,’ Hastings Center Report, 31(1): 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. A. Meissner, and R. Jaenisch (2005) ‘Generation of nuclear transfer-derived pluripotent ES cells from cloned Cdx2-deficient blastocysts,’ Nature, (Oct 16).Google Scholar
  38. J. R. Meyer (2002) ‘Human embryonic stem cells and respect for life,’ Journal of Medical Ethics, 26: 166–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. M. J. Meyer, and L. J. Nelson (2001) ‘Respecting what we destroy: reflections on human embryo research,’ Hastings Center Report, 31: 16–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. T. Murray (2005) ‘Will new ways of creating stem cells dodge the objections?’ Hastings Center Report 32(1): 8–9.Google Scholar
  41. National Institutes of Health (2002) ‘Stem Cells: A Primer, Bethesda, Maryland: National Institutes of Health,’ available at www.nih.gov/news/stemcell/primer.htm (accessed April 6, 2003).
  42. National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine (2002) ‘Stem Cell and the Future of Regenerative Medicine,’ (Washington, DC: National Academy Press).Google Scholar
  43. J. Noonan (1970) ‘An almost absolute value in history,’ in The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives, (ed.) J. Noonan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. D. Orlic et al. (2001) ‘Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium,’ Nature 410: 701–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. T. Ostenfeld, and C. N. Svendsen (2003) ‘Recent advances in stem cell neurobiology,’ Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery, 28: 3–89.Google Scholar
  46. G. Outka (2002) ‘The ethics of human stem cell research,’ Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 12(2): 175–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. B. Peault, E. Oberlin, and M. Tavian (2002) ‘Emergence of hematopoietic stem cells in the human embryo,’ Comptes Rendus Biology 325(10): 1021–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. R. Poulsom, et al. (2001) ‘Bone marrow contributes to renal parenchymal turnover and regeneration,’ Journal of Pathology, 195: 229–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. S. L. Preston (2003) ‘The new stem cell biology: something for everyone,’ Molecular Pathology, 56(2): 86–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. M. J. Raddin (1991) ‘Reflections on objectification,’ Southern California Law Review, 65: 341–54.Google Scholar
  51. M. Raddin (1989) ‘Justice and the market domain,’ in R. Pennock and J. Chapman (eds), Markets and Justice (New York: New York University Press).Google Scholar
  52. J. Rawls (1971) A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).Google Scholar
  53. D. Resnik (2001) ‘Regulating the Market for Human Eggs,’ Bioethics, 15: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. I. N. Rich (2003) ‘In vitro hematotoxicity testing in drug development: a review of past, present and future applications,’ Current Opinion Drug Discovery Development, 6(1): 100–9.Google Scholar
  55. M. Richards, et al. (2002) ‘Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells,’ Nature Biotechnology, 20(9): 933–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. D. Rothman (1999) ‘The international organ traffic,’ in Moral Issues in a Global Perspective (ed.) C. Koggel (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press): 611–18.Google Scholar
  57. R. Sample (2003) Exploitation: What It Is and Why It’s Wrong (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield).Google Scholar
  58. N. Scheper-Hughes (2000) ‘The global traffic in human organs,’ Current Anthropology, 41 (April): 2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. H. Semb (2005) ‘Human embryonic stem cells: origin, properties and applications,’ APMIS, 113(11–12): 743–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. L. Shanner (2001) ‘Stem cell terminology: practical, theological and ethical implications,’ Health Law Review Papers (September 2): 62–6.Google Scholar
  61. P. Smaglik (1999) ‘Promise and problems loom for stem cell gene therapy,’ Scientist, 13:14–15.Google Scholar
  62. D. Solter, and J. Gearhart (1999) ‘Putting stem cells to work,’ Science, 283(5407): 1468–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. D. Spar (2004) ‘The business of stem cells,’ New England Journal of Medicine, 351: 211–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. B. Steinbock (2000) ‘What does ‘respect for embryos’ mean in the context of stem cell research?’ Women’s Health Issues, 10(3): 127–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. C. Strong (1997) ‘The moral status of preembryos, embryos, fetuses, and infants,’ Journal of Medical Philosophy, 22: 457–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  66. United Network of Organ Sharing, a US non-profit organization and clearing house. Available at www.unos.org (accessed April 2006).
  67. A. Vats, et al. (2002) ‘Stem cells: sources and applications,’ Clinical Otolaryngology, 27(4): 227–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. M. Warren (1973) ‘On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,’ The Monist, 57(1): 43–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. M. Warren (1997) Moral Status: Obligations to Persons and Other Living Things (New York: Oxford University Press).Google Scholar
  70. A. Werthheimer (1999) Exploitation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).Google Scholar

Copyright information

© Inmaculada de Melo-Martin and Marin Gillis 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Inmaculada de Melo-Martin
  • Marin Gillis

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations