Soul Thieves pp 31-49 | Cite as
Cash Rules Everything around Me: Appropriation, Commodification, and the Politics of Contemporary Protest Music and Hip Hop
Abstract
In 2006 Nas released an album entitled Hip Hop Is Dead, sparking widespread debate among music enthusiasts and scholars about the current state of hip hop. Nas, in subsequent interviews, indicated that the title was not to be viewed literally and it was chosen to provoke debate among listeners. The current state of hip hop is one that critics both inside and outside the academy have debated over the past fifteen years. Some observers lament the hypercommericialization of the music in the mainstream, with a consistent focus on negative and stereotypical imagery, while others point to the global appropriation of the genre and a fear that the African American urban roots of the music will be lost. These concerns are a result of a complex mix of factors, including industry factors, appropriation, and moderate political context that have significantly transformed the genre over the past twenty years.
Keywords
Cultural Production Popular Music Music Industry Record Company Black Panther PartyPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
- 1.See Hayden White, “Afterword,” in Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, ed. V. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Google Scholar
- Joanne Freekman, “The Culture of Politics: The Politics of Culture,” Journal of Policy History 16 (2004): 137–42; CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- And Kyle Grayson et al., “Pop Goes IR? Researching the Popular Culture—World Politics Continuum,” Politics 29 (2009):155–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 2.Lisa Wedeen, Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 30. Google Scholar
- Review additionally: Wedeen, “Conceptualizing Culture: Possibilities for Political Science,” American Political Science Review 96, no. 4 (December 2002): 713–28; and John Bowen and Roger Petersen eds., Critical Comparisons in Politics and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Google Scholar
- 3.Aldon Morris and Naomi Braine, “Social Movements and Oppositional Consciousness,” in Oppositional Consciousness: The Subjective Roots of Social Protest, ed. Jane J. Mansbridge and Aldon Morris (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 25..Google Scholar
- 4.Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual: A Historical Analysis of the Failure of Black Leadership (1967; repr., New York: Quill, 1984), 71.Google Scholar
- 5.W. E. B. Du Bois, “Of Our Spiritual Strivings,” in The Souls of Black Folk (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Company, 1903; New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 5 Google Scholar
- Adolph Reed, Jr., W. E. B. Du Bois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) Google Scholar
- And W. E. B. Du Bois, “Talented Tenth: Memorial Address,” in W. E. B. Du Bois: A Reader, ed. David Levering Lewis (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 348.Google Scholar
- 6.Ernest Allen Jr., “On the Reading of Riddles: Rethinking Du Boisian ‘Double Consciousness,” in Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy, ed. L. Gordon (New York: Routledge, 1997), 64.Google Scholar
- 7.Sterling Stuckey, “W.E.B. Du Bois: Black Cultural Reality and the Meaning of Freedom,” in Slave Culture: Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 265. Google Scholar
- One may also consider Bernard Boxill, “Du Bois and Fanon on Culture,” The Philosophical Forum (Winter/Spring 1977–78): 326–38 Google Scholar
- And Stanley Brodwin, “The Veil Transcended: Form and Meaning in W.E.B. Du Bois ‘The Souls of Black Folk,” Journal of Black Studies (March 1972): 303–21.Google Scholar
- 8.Barbara Harlow, Resistance Literature (New York: Routledge, 1987), 28.Google Scholar
- 9.Robin D.G. Kelley, Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 9.Google Scholar
- 10.Amiri Baraka, Digging: The Afro-American Soul of American Classical Music (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), 108.Google Scholar
- 11.Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964), 61.Google Scholar
- 12.James Young, “Profound Offense and Cultural Appropriation,” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 63 (Spring 2005): 136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 13.Richard Fung, “Working Through Appropriation,” Fuse (Summer 1993): 20.Google Scholar
- 14.Sunaina Maira “Henna and Hip Hop: The Politics of Cultural Production and the Work of Cultural Studies,” Journal of Asian American Studies 3 (October 2000): 11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.Recording Industry of America (RIIA), “Gold and Platinum Data;” http://www.riaa.com
- 16.Nelson George, Buppies, B-Boys, BAPS,& BOHOS (New York: DA CAPO Press, 2001), 94.Google Scholar
- 17.Dan Charnas, The Big Payback: The History of the Business of Hip-Hop (New York: New American Library, 2010), 494.Google Scholar
- 18.Jay Z, “Moment of Clarity,” The Black Album (Roc-A-Fella Records, 2003).Google Scholar
- 19.Mos Def interview with Spank Rock, “House Music: Mos Def,” June 6, 2009, /www .interviewmagazine.com/blogs/music/2009-06-01/mos-def/Google Scholar
- 20.Lupe Fiasco, “American Terroist,” Food & Liquor, Atlantic Records, 2006, CD.Google Scholar
- 21.Interview: Lupe Fiasco Talks “Lasers” Delay, Japanese Cartoon, and “Food & Liquor II,” complexmag.com, September 10, 2010.Google Scholar
- 22.Ibid., my emphasis.Google Scholar
- 23.See Patrick Burkart, “Loose Integration and the Popular Music Industry,” Popular Music and Society 28 (Oct. 2005): 289–500; and the documentary Money for Nothing: Behind the Business of Pop Music (2001).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.Kembrew McLeod, “MP3s Are Killing Home Taping: The Rise of Internet Distribution and Its Challenge to the Major Label Music Monopoly,” Popular Music and Society 28 (October 2005): 523.Google Scholar
- 25.http://www.emarketer.com/Report.aspx?code=emarketer_2000428.
- 26.McLeod, 523.Google Scholar
- 27.The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, cited in Amanda Andres, “Changes Rock the Music World as ‘360 Deals’ Rise,” Daily Telegraph (London), February 6, 2009, online edit: www.telegraph.co.uk.Google Scholar
- 28.Talib Kweli “Let’s Get Free” (Part One), www.xxlmag.com, April 17, 2006.Google Scholar
- 29.Ibid.Google Scholar
- 30.Ibid.Google Scholar
- 31.Rap artist Macklemore (born Ben Haggerty) won Grammy awards in 2014 for best rap album, best rap song, and best rap performance over other artists such as Kendrick Lamar, Jay Z, Kanye West, and Drake. Similarly, he won MTV’s 2013 Video Music Award (VMA) for best hip hop video.Google Scholar
- 32.Comments made at the 23rd Annual ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards, June 26, 2010.Google Scholar
- 33.Tricia Rose, Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America (Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1994), 5.Google Scholar
- 34.“Minnesota School Faces Lawsuit Over Racist ‘Wigger Day,’” Huffingtonpost.com, August 3, 2011.Google Scholar
- 35.Bakari Kitwana, Why White Kids Love Hip-Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 149.Google Scholar
- 36.Nina Simone, “Definition of an Artist: interview,” Protest Anthology (Andy Stoud Incorporated, 2008).Google Scholar
- 37.James Brown, “America Is My Home Pt.1,” James Brown Singles, Vol. 5 1967–1969, Universal Records, CD.Google Scholar
- 38.Suzanne Smith, Dancing in the Streets: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 238.Google Scholar
- 39.On “Self-Destruction” participants included BDP, MC Lyte, Public Enemy, Just-Ice, Heavy D, Stetsasonic, among others, and on “Were All in the Same Gang” they included NWA, Tone-Loc, Above The Law, Young MC, and Digital Underground.Google Scholar
- 40.Young Jeezy, “My President,” The Recession (Island/ Def Jam Group, 2008).Google Scholar
- 41.Ibid.Google Scholar
- 42.Nas, “Black President,” Untitled (Island/Def Jam Group, 2008).Google Scholar
- 43.Ibid., passim.Google Scholar
- 44.Tricia Rose, The Hip Hop Wars: What We Talk about When We Talk about Hip Hop— and Why It Matters (New York: Basic Books, 2008), i.Google Scholar