Abstract
The former Mexican president, Vicente Fox (2000–2006), a member of the National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional [PAN]), was not only the first president to be elected from a party other than the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional [PRI]) that had ruled Mexico since 1929 but was also the first president to recognize the importance of Mexicans living abroad. Indeed, he contributed to a marked change in the character of Mexican national discourse by referring, during his first weeks in office, to emigrants in the United States as “heroic paisanos,” heroic patriots, and “true heroes.”1
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Notes
Gregory Rodriguez, “Vincente Fox Blesses the Americanization of Mexico,” Los Angeles Times (December 10, 2000) http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2000/vicente_fox_blesses_the_americanization_of_mexico.
Karen Lehmann, Nationaliteter i sameksistens? En undersøgelse af etnicitet og nationalitet i Ecuador (Copenhagen: Romansk Institut 1995), 56.
Richard Morse, The Heritage of Latin America, vol. 1 of The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada and Australia, by Louis Hartz (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1964), 131.
Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México profundo. Una civilización negada (Mexico City: Editorial Grijalbo, 1987), 166–67.
Batalla, México profundo, 174; and Greg Urban and Joel Sherzer, Nation-States and Indians in Latin American (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), 6.
José Vasconcelos, La raza cósmica (Mexico City: Espasa Calpe, S.A., 1948), 47–51.
Agustín Basave Benítez, México mestizo: Análisis del nacionalismo mexicano en torno a la mestizofilia de Andrés Molina Enríquez (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992), 133.
Francisco Salazar Sotelo, “Nación y nacionalismo en México,” Sociológica 21 (1993): 43–63.
Lomnitz Adler, Exits from the Labyrinth. Culture and Ideology in the Mexican National Space (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 277.
Batalla, Nuevas identidades culturales en México (Mexico City: Consejo Nacional de Cultura y Arte, 1993), 19–20.
Carlos Fuentes, El espejo enterrado (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992), 15.
A fact you will see reflected in the numerous titles referring to the books, for example, Lomnitz Adler’s Exits from the Labyrinth; Bartra’s La jaula de la melancholia; and a chapter of Fuentes’s El espejo enterrado entitled, “Hacia la Independencia: múltiples máscaras y aguas turbidas” (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992), 245–53.
Fuentes, El espejo enterrado, 116–18. Quetzalcóatl is a god in the Mesoamerican mythology. According to myth he is a white man and he returns to found the World. This Indian prophecy became the symbol of the encounter between the two cultures when the Spanish conqueror arrived in Mexico.
Adler et al., Constructing Culture and Power in Latin America (Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 384–85.
Eduardo García Mondragón, “El proceso histórico como factor de identidad cultural y política,” Paper for the Segundo Simposium Inter-disciplinario: La mexicanidad de lo mexicano ¿Identidad cultural y/o política? (Mexico City: Universidad Autónoma de Estado de México, 1989).
Robert Smith, “Migrant Membership as an Instituted Process: Comparative Insights from the Mexican and Italian Cases,” paper given to the Conference on Transnational Migration: Comparative Perspectives, June 2001; and Luin Goldring, “The Mexican State and Transmigrant Organizations: Negotiating the Boundaries of Membership and Participation,” Latin American Research Review (2002): 3, 55–99. The Bracero Program, (after the Spanish word for ‘unskilled laborer’), which ran from 1942–64, allowed Mexicans to come to the United States as agricultural workers on temporary contracts.
Michael Smith and Luis Guarnizo, “Transnationalism from Below,” Political Science Quarterly (Summer 1999): 2, 355–56.
Alan Riding, Vecinos Distantes: un retrato de los mexicanos (Mexico City: Editorial Joaquin Mortiz, 2006), 379.
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© 2007 Edward Ashbee, Helene Balslev Clausen, and Carl Pedersen, eds.
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Balslev Clausen, H. (2007). Mexican Mestizo Identity in the Twenty-first Century. In: Ashbee, E., Clausen, H.B., Pedersen, C. (eds) The Politics, Economics, and Culture of Mexican-U.S. Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230609914_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230609914_3
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