Abstract
In July 1940, Life magazine published a series of paintings and drawings made by American and British children who had been asked to respond creatively to the war news.1 The first paintings reproduced in the article are by American children, produced under the guidance of the New York University Clinic for Gifted Children. One 15-year-old boy’s painting of a soldier disembowelled on barbed wire hints at over-exposure to Salvador Dali, while 13-year-old David Simonson is photographed proudly displaying his sketch of a soldier protecting a woman from an advancing tank. ‘The woman at the soldier’s feet’, he announced, ‘is Civilization.’ After this cavalcade of American Art, the Life editors seemed a little nonplussed by the efforts of the British children, and evidently felt the need to caution their readers that the designs were a little more prosaic, sounding a warning note about their ‘childish zest in wartime gadgets … fantastic bombing planes and anti-aircraft guns’. And, sure enough, most of the British images are more interested in the Blitz than in the great movements of art, with several drawing long lines of stylized bombers being fi red on by anti-aircraft guns.
Keywords
British Child Gift Child York Time Magazine American Response York Public LibraryPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Select Bibliography
- Hartt, Frederick, Florentine Art Under Fire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949.Google Scholar
- Howe Jr., Thomas Carr, Salt Mines and Castles: The Discovery and Restitution of Looted European Art. Indianapolis and New York: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1946.Google Scholar
- Plaut, James S., ‘Loot for the Master Race’, Atlantic (September 1946), 57–63.Google Scholar
- Plaut, James S., ‘Hitler’s Capital’, Atlantic (October 1946), 73–8.Google Scholar
- Rorimer, James J., Survival: The Salvage and Protection of Art in War. New York: Abelard Press, 1950.Google Scholar
- Taylor, Francis Henry, ‘Beauty for Ashes’, Atlantic (March 1944): 88–90.Google Scholar
- Taylor, Francis Henry, ‘The Rape of Europa’, Atlantic (January 1945), 52–8.Google Scholar
- See, also, the series of HMSO publications on the fate of European art and archives, beginning with Lieutenant Colonel Sir Leonard Woolley’s A Record of the Work Done by the Military Authorities for the Protection of the Treasures of Art & History in War Areas (1947). This was proceeded by reviews of specific theatres of war, beginning with the two-part Works of Art in Italy (1945–46); Works of Art in Germany (British Zone of Occupation) (1946); Works of Art in Greece and the Greek Islands and the Dodecanese (1946); and Works of Art in Austria (1946). This list should also include Hilary Jenkinson and H.E. Bell, Italian Archives During the War and at its Close (1947). The American equivalent is the Report of the American Commission for the Protection and Salvage of Artistic and Historic Monuments in War Areas (Washington, DC: 1946). An important document is Reuben Peiss, ‘Report on Europe’, College and Research Libraries 8:2 (April 1947), 113–19.Google Scholar
- There is an incredible run of reports on conditions in European libraries in the Library Journal of the 1940s, including (in order of publication): Rumble, Marjorie F., ‘Libraries at Home and Abroad in a World at War’ 67 (1 November 1942): 937–41.Google Scholar
- Grew, Hon. Joseph C., Under Secretary of State, ‘Civilization Depends on Books: Remarks in greeting the Conference on Books for Devastated Libraries at Washington ’ 70 (28 February 1945 ), 243.Google Scholar
- Kefauver, Grayson N. and Carl M. White, ‘Library Situation in Europe ’ 70 (1 May 1945); 385–9 and 70 (15 May 1945 ), 473–6.Google Scholar
- Shaffer, Kenneth R., ‘Conquest of Books’ 71 (15 January 1946), 82–6; 71 (1 February 1946), 144–7.Google Scholar
- Danilewicz, Maria, ‘Polish Libraries Must Start “Nearly Afresh”’ 71 (15 February 1946), 257–9.Google Scholar
- Vanderheijden, Jan F., ‘Belgium Counts Her Losses: A First-Hand Account of Her Devastated Libraries’ 71 (1 May 1946), 636–8.Google Scholar
- Hamilton, William J., ‘Some Further Accounts of Devastated Libraries’ 71 (1 May 1946), 639–40.Google Scholar
- The Lansdesbibliothek of Wuerttemberg Reopened at Stuttgart, 21 February 1946’ 71 (1 May 1946), 640–1.Google Scholar
- Sandfuchs, Wilhelm, ‘The Libraries of Baden During the War’ 71 (1 May 1946), 641–2.Google Scholar
- Shaffer, Kenneth R., ‘Book Campaigns for War Devastated Libraries’ 71 (1 May 1946), 642–6.Google Scholar
- Zivny, Ladislav J., ‘Czechoslovak Libraries During the War and After’ 71 (15 June 1946), 877–8.Google Scholar
- More German Book Losses’ 71 (15 June 1946), 878.Google Scholar
- Dunlap, Henry A., ‘Berlin: Facts Among the Ruins’ 71 (August 1946), 1011–14.Google Scholar
- Petersen, Everett N., ‘The French Literary Resistance’ 71 (August 1946), 1017–21; 71 (1 September 1946), 1096–100.Google Scholar
- Bilinska, Helena, ‘Poland Faces Intellectual Famine’ 71 (1 September 1946), 1022–3, 1034.Google Scholar
- Linder, Leroy H., ‘Berlin: Its Postwar Library Resources’ 71 (15 October 1946), 1439–43.Google Scholar
- Kildal, Arne, ‘Norwegian Libraries Have a Mission’ 72 (1 April 1947), 497–500.Google Scholar
- Ploechl, Willibald M., ‘Ancient Dutch library Seeks Aid’ 72 (1 June 1947), 867–70.Google Scholar
- Greenaway, Emerson, ‘A Librarian Looks at Central Europe’ 73 (15 February 1948), 277–80; 73 (15 March 1948 ), 437–41, 488.Google Scholar
- Keeney, Philip O., ‘Japanese Libraries are War-Damaged’ 73 (1 May 1948), 681–3.Google Scholar
- Poste, Leslie, ‘Books Go Home From the Wars ’ 73 (1 December 1948 ), 1699–704.Google Scholar
- A similarly interesting run of articles appeared in the College Art Journal (Sumner McKnight Crosby, the President of the College Art Association, was one of the heads of the Roberts Commission). This list is not exhaustive, but see (in order of publication):Google Scholar
- Crosby, Sumner Mck., ‘The Protection of Artistic Monuments in Europe’ 3: 3 (March 1944), 109–13.Google Scholar
- Ross, Marvin C., ‘SHAEF and the Protection of Monuments in Northwest Europe’ 5: 2 (January 1946), 119–22.Google Scholar
- Hammett, Ralph W., ‘ComZone and the Protection of Monuments in Northwest Europe’ 5: 2 (January 1946), 123–6.Google Scholar
- Posey, Robert K., ‘Protection of Cultural Materials During Combat’ 5: 2 (January 1946), 127–31.Google Scholar
- Hancock, Walter, ‘Experiences of a Monuments Officer in Germany’ 5: 4 (May 1946), 271–311.Google Scholar
- Ross, Marvin C., ‘The Kunstschutz in Occupied France’ 5: 4 (May 1946), 336–52.Google Scholar
- Ritchie, Andrew C., ‘Return of Art Loot from and to Austria’ 5: 4 (May 1946), 353–7.Google Scholar
- Standen, Edith Appleton, ‘Report on Germany’ 7:3 (Spring 1948), 209–15.Google Scholar
- Adunka, Evelyn, Der Raub des Büchers. Wien: Czernin, 2002.Google Scholar
- Bienkowska, Barbara, Losses of Polish Libraries during World War II. Warsaw: Wydawn, 1994.Google Scholar
- Borin, Jacqueline, ‘Embers of the Soul: The Destruction of Jewish Books and Libraries in Poland during World War II’, Journal of Library History 28:4 (Fall 1993), 445–60.Google Scholar
- Cassou, Jean (ed.), Le Pillage par les Allemands des Oeuvres d’Art et des Bibliothèques appartenant à des Juifs en France. Paris: Editions du Centre, 1947.Google Scholar
- Coles, Harry L. and Albert K. Weinberg, Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1992: esp. Chapter XXXI ‘The Protection of Historical Monuments and Art Treasures’.Google Scholar
- Collins, Donald E. and Herbert P. Rothfeder, ‘The Einsatzstab Rosenberg and the Looting of Jewish and Masonic Libraries during World War II’, Journal of Library History 18:1 (Winter 1983 ), 21–36.Google Scholar
- Dunin, Janusz, ‘The Tragic Fate of Polish Libraries after 1939’, Solanus 10 (1996), 5–12.Google Scholar
- Estreicher, Charles, Cultural Losses of Poland: Index of Polish Cultural Losses during the German Occupation, 1939–1944. London: n.p., 1944.Google Scholar
- Fishman, David E., ‘Embers Plucked from the Fire: The Rescue of Jewish Cultural Treasures in Vilna’, in Rose (ed.), The Holocaust and the Book, pp. 66–78.Google Scholar
- Flanner, Janet, Men and Monuments. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1957.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, The Odyssey of the Smolensk Party Archive: Communist Archives for the Service of Anti-Communism. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, 1201 (1995), www.iisg.nl/archives-and-restitution/smolensk.pdf.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘The Postwar Fate of the Petliura Library and the Records of the Ukrainian National Republic’, Harvard Ukrainian Studies 21: 3–4 (2001), 392–461.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, U.S. Restitution of Nazi-Looted Cultural Treasures to the USSR, 1945–1949. Washington, DC: National Archives of the United States, 2001.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘Twice Plundered, but Still Not Home from the War: The Fate of Three Slavic Libraries Confiscated by the Nazis from Paris’, Solanus 16 (2002), 39–75.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘The Odyssey of the Turgenev Library from Paris, 1940–2002: Books as Victims and Trophies of War’, IISH Research Paper no. 42 (2003), www.iisg.nl/publications/respap42.pdf.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘Rare Books from Voronezh to Tartu and Tanzenberg: From Nazi Plunder and British Restitution to Russian “Lost Book Treasures”’, Solanus 18 (2004), 72–107.Google Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘Roads to Ratibor: Library and Archival Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19:3 (Winter 2005), 390–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy, ‘The Postwar Fate of Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg Archival and Library Plunder, and the Dispersal of ERR Records’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20:2 (Fall 2006), 278–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hill, Richard S., ‘The Former Prussian State Library’, Notes Second Series, 3:4 (September 1946): 327–50 and 404–10.Google Scholar
- Hoogewoud, F.J., ‘The Nazi Looting of Books and its American “Antithesis”. Selected Pictures from the Offenbach Archival Depot’s Photographic History and Its Supplement’, Studia Rosenthaliana 26 (1992), 158–92.Google Scholar
- International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major German War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. London: HMSO, 1946–51; especially the Soviet brief on ‘The Destruction and Plunder of Cultural and Scientific Treasures, Cultural and Social Institutions, Monasteries, Churches and other Religious Institutions, as well as the Destruction of Cities and Villages’, vol. 7, pp. 173–208.Google Scholar
- Masson, André, ‘Le Martyre des Bibliothèques de France (1940–1945)’, La Revue des Deux Mondes 13 (1 July 1945), 151–62.Google Scholar
- Mazuritskii, A.M., I.G. Matveeva and G.V. Mikheeva, ‘Book Losses in Russia during World War II’, Solanus 16 (2002), 27–38.Google Scholar
- Polish Ministry of Information, Nazi Kultur in Poland. London: HMSO, 1945.Google Scholar
- Posner, Ernst, ‘Public Records Under Military Occupation’, American Historical Review 49: 2 (January 1944), 213–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Poste, Leslie I., ‘Archives Under Attack: “No Place to Hide”–A Tragic Inventory of Archival and Book Destruction in the European Theatre in World War II’, Library Journal 83 (July 1958), 1987–93.Google Scholar
- Pugilese, Stanislao G., ‘Bloodless Torture: The Books of the Roman Ghetto under the Nazi Occupation’, Jonathan Rose (ed.), The Holocaust and the Book, pp. 47–58.Google Scholar
- Quynn, Dorothy Mackay, ‘The Art Confiscations of the Napoleonic Wars’, The American Historical Review 50: 3 (April 1945), 437–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Richards, Pamela Spence, ‘“Aryan Librarianship”: Academic and Research Libraries under Hitler’, Journal of Library History 19:2 (Spring 1984), 231–58.Google Scholar
- Schidorsky, Dov, ‘Confiscation of Libraries and Assignments to Forced Labor’, Libraries and Culture 33:4 (Fall 1998), 347–88.Google Scholar
- Simpson, Elizabeth (ed.), The Spoils of War: World War II and Its Aftermath: The Loss, Reappearance, and Recovery of Cultural Property. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1997.Google Scholar
- Sroka, Marek. ‘The University of Cracow Library Under Nazi Occupation: 1939–1945’, Libraries and Culture 34:1 (Winter 1999), 103–22.Google Scholar
- Starr, Joshua, ‘Jewish Cultural Property under Nazi Control’, Jewish Social Studies 12: 1 (January 1950), 27–48.Google Scholar
- Sutter, Sem C., ‘The Lost Jewish Libraries of Vilna and the Frankfurt Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage’, in James Raven (ed.), Lost Libraries, pp. 219–35.Google Scholar
- Visscher, Charles De, International Protection of Works of Art and Historic Monuments. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1949.Google Scholar
- Waite, Robert G., ‘Returning Jewish Cultural Property: The Handling of Books Looted by the Nazis in the American Zone of Occupation, 1945 to 1952’, Libraries and Culture 37: 3 (2002), 213–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Weinreich, Max, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
- Zanders, Viesturs, ‘Censorship in the Libraries of Latvia (1940–1990)’, Solanus 10 (1996), 24–8.Google Scholar