Biological Warfare Against Crops pp 77-93 | Cite as
Aspects of Anti-Crop BW Activity in France, Germany and Japan
Chapter
Abstract
Debate concerning both defensive and offensive aspects of BW research and developments in the US was fuelled by perceptions of enemy activity in relation to BW. A series of press articles by British journalist Wickham Steed emerged as early as 1934 claiming that Germany was planning BW attacks on the Paris and London Undergrounds, but these and other stories relating the dangers posed by a variety of hypothetical covert BW scenarios against targets in Europe and the US, were afforded little credence by Washington.1
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Notes
- 1.S. Harris, Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–45, and the American Cover-Up, Routledge, New York, 1994, p. 150.Google Scholar
- 2.B.J. Bernstein, ‘The Birth of the U.S. Biological-Warfare Program’, Scientific American, Vol. 256, June 1987, p.97. Although such preparations were indeed made, according to Franz et al., the inoculation of 100,000 troops did not take place.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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- by Donald Avery, ‘Canadian Biological and Toxin Warfare Research, Development and Planning, 1925–45’, in E. Geissler and J.E. van Courtland Moon (eds), Biological and Toxin Weapons: Research, Development and Use from the Middle Ages to 1945, SIPRI Chemical and Biological Warfare Study, No. 18, 1999, pp.190–1.Google Scholar
- 3.According to SIPRI, ‘The UK maintained a substantial stockpile of chemical weapons until around 1957’ The Problem of Chemical and Biological Warfare: CB Weapons Today, Vol. II, SIPRI, Humanities Press, New York, 1973, p.190.Google Scholar
- 6.M. Hugh-Jones, Wicham Steed and German Biological Warfare Research, Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1992), pp.379–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 20.Sheldon Harris, ‘Japanese Biological Warfare Research on Humans: A Case Study of Microbiology and Ethics’, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1996, p.33.Google Scholar
- 24.Peter Williams and David Wallace, Unit 731: the Japanese Army’s Secret of Secrets, St Edmundsbury Press Limited, 1989, p.75.Google Scholar
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© Simon M. Whitby 2002