Abstract
At the century’s turn, America’s relationship with Japan shifted from patronage to rivalry.1 Until this time, although increasing numbers of American businessmen haggled in the world’s bazaars, and American gunboat diplomacy had forced Japan’s opening, the United States was not yet a full-fledged imperial power. An American overseas empire emerged from its successful war with Spain in 1898, just as three years earlier Japan had carved out its own empire after victory over China.
Keywords
Open Door Japanese Imperialism Foreign Minister Open Door Policy Pearl Harbor
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Notes
- 1.Among the excellent studies of this period see, Raymond Esthus, Theodore Roosevelt and Japan (Seattle: University of Washington, 1966);Google Scholar
- Charles E. Neu, An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–9 (1967);CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Akira Iriye, Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion, 1897–1911 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972);Google Scholar
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- 44.Sadao Asada, “Japan’s ‘Special Interests’ and the Washington Conference, 1921–22,” American Historical Review, vol. 67 (October 1961) pp. 62–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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© William R. Nester 1996