The Creation and Early Work of the Parliamentary ‘Ombudsman’

  • Glen O’Hara

Abstract

In October 1950, the medical doctor and publisher Donald Johnson was committed under the Lunacy Act in the Oxfordshire town of Woodstock. Johnson vividly recalled his experience in his 1956 autobiography, A Doctor Returns:

‘I am doped’, I had told the doctor when he had called to see me — and indeed, he wrote it down in evidence against me. My illness had started with giddy turns and curious bouts of automatic talking when I had sat down in a chair and given forth oracular pronouncements, lasting several minutes at a time; words, for which I had been a mere passive vehicle, had formed themselves on my lips and been uttered for the benefit of anyone who happened to be there to listen to them.

Given such behaviour — though ignoring the strange coincidence that his wife, Betty, fell ill the same night — a doctor was summoned to his hotel to commit him. It took Johnson six months to secure release from the institution into which he had been placed, months during which he gradually recovered from ranting about the Duke of Edinburgh, and his wish to eat only apples. He gradually came to realise that ‘my reputation as a sane person, my reputation as a competent man of affairs’ — the most important elements for a man seeking a public career — were under threat.1

Keywords

Civil Servant Discretionary Power Select Committee Automatic Talking Auditor General 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. 1.
    D.M. Johnson, A Doctor Returns, London, Johnson, 1956, pp. 18, 31.Google Scholar
  2. 2.
    R. Ingham, ‘Donald Johnson: The Last Liberal Imperialist’, Journal of Liberal Democrat History 25, 1999, pp. 31–3.Google Scholar
  3. 3.
    D.M. Johnson, Indian Hemp: A Social Menace, London, Johnson, 1952.Google Scholar
  4. For the context of this work, see B. Musgrove, ‘Junk International: The Symbolic Drug Trade’, in L. Dale and H. Gilbert (eds), Economies of Representation, 1790–2000: Colonialism and Commerce, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007, pp. 77–8.Google Scholar
  5. 4.
    D.M. Johnson, Conservative Government and a Liberal Society, London, Johnson, 1955, pp. 7–8.Google Scholar
  6. 5.
    D.M. Johnson, A Doctor in Parliament, London, Johnson, 1958, p. 29.Google Scholar
  7. 6.
    D.M. Johnson, A Cassandra at Westminster, London, Johnson, 1967, pp. 194–6.Google Scholar
  8. 11.
    T. Utley, Occasion for Ombudsman, London, C. Johnson, 1961, pp. 139–40, 144.Google Scholar
  9. 14.
    F. Stacey, The British Ombudsman, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1971;Google Scholar
  10. R. Gregory and P. Hutchesson, The Parliamentary Ombudsman: A Study in the Control of Administrative Action, London, Allen and Unwin, 1975.Google Scholar
  11. 15.
    R. Gregory and P. Giddings, The Ombudsman, the Citizen and Parliament, London, Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, 2002;Google Scholar
  12. R. Kirkham, The Parliamentary Ombudsman: Withstanding the Test of Time, Fourth Report of the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, 2006–07 Session, March 2007, London, Parliamentary Commissioner.Google Scholar
  13. 16.
    B. Serota, ‘The Evolution of the Role of the Ombudsman’, in G.E. Caiden (ed.), International Handbook of the Ombudsman: Evolution and Present Function, London, Greenwood Press, 1983, p. 28.Google Scholar
  14. 17.
    R. Klein, ‘Accountability in the National Health Service’, Political Quarterly 43, 1971, esp. pp. 363–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 21.
    For the ‘unscrambling’ of the 1947 Act see N. Lichfield and H. Darin-Drabkin, Land Policy in Planning, London, Allen and Unwin, 1980, pp. 142–3;Google Scholar
  16. P. Weiler, ‘Labour and the Land: From Municipalization to the Land Commission, 1951–1971’, Twentieth Century British History 19, 2008, p. 322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 22.
    A. Cox, Adversary Politics and Land: The Conflict over Land and Property Policy in Post-War Britain, Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 110–11;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. P. Bridgen and R. Lowe, Welfare Policy under the Conservatives 1951–1964, Kew, Public Record Office, 1998, pp. 234–7.Google Scholar
  19. 23.
    J.A.G. Griffith, ‘The Crichel Down Affair’, Modern Law Review 18, 1955, pp. 557–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 24.
    P. Booth, Planning by Consent: The Origins and Nature of British Development Control, London, Routledge, 2003, pp. 116–18;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. see for a contemporary account e.g. R.D. Brown, The Battle of Crichel Down, London, Bodley Head, 1955.Google Scholar
  22. 25.
    Cmnd 218, Report of the Committee on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries, London, HMSO, 1957, pp. 91–2, 98.Google Scholar
  23. 28.
    F.H. Lawson, ‘An Inspector-General of Administration’, Public Law 2, 1957, p. 93.Google Scholar
  24. 29.
    H.Y. Cheng, ‘The Emergence and Spread of the Ombudsman Institution’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 377, 1968, p. 21.Google Scholar
  25. 32.
    S. Hurwitz, ‘The Danish Ombudsman and his Office’, Listener 63, 1960, p. 836.Google Scholar
  26. 33.
    S. Hurwitz, ‘The Danish Parliamentary Commissioner for Civil and Military Government Administration’, Public Law 3, 1958, p. 238.Google Scholar
  27. 35.
    W. Gellhorn, Ombudsmen and Others: Citizens’ Protectors in Nine Countries, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1966, p. 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. 37.
    Parliamentary Ombudsman’s Office, Finland, The Parliamentary Ombudsman in Finland: Position and Functions, Helsinki, Parliamentary Commissioner, 1976, pp. 5–8.Google Scholar
  29. 38.
    I.M. Means, ‘The Norwegian Ombudsman’, Western Political Quarterly 21, 1968, pp. 626–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. 39.
    D.C. Rowat, The Ombudsman Plan: Essays on the Worldwide Spread of an Idea, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1973, p. 21.Google Scholar
  31. 41.
    Conservative Political Centre, Law, Liberty and Licence, London, CPC, 1964, pp. 7–9;Google Scholar
  32. on this pamphlet see C. Ellis, ‘No Hammock for the Idle: The Conservative Party, “Youth” and the Welfare State in the 1960s’, Twentieth Century British History 16, 2005, pp. 455–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. 44.
    B. Chapman, ‘The Ombudsman’, Public Administration 38, 1960, p. 306; ‘Our “Ombudsman” Safeguards’, The Times, 14 March 1961.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. 48.
    See J.L. Robson, New Zealand: The Development of its Laws and Institutions (2nd edn), London, Stevens, 1967, pp. 144, 151–2,Google Scholar
  35. and J.L. Robson, Sacred Cows and Rogue Elephants: Policy Development in the New Zealand Justice Department, Wellington, GP Publications, 1987, pp. 226–8.Google Scholar
  36. 49.
    J. Robertson, ‘The Danish Ombudsman: New Zealand’s Precedent’, in H. Gammeltoft-Hansen and F. Axmark (eds), The Danish Ombudsman, Copenhagen, Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1995, p. 35.Google Scholar
  37. 50.
    L.B. Hill, The Model Ombudsman: Institutionalizing New Zealand’s Democratic Experiment, Princeton University Press, 1976, p. 70.Google Scholar
  38. 53.
    See Justice, Annual Report, June 1958 (1958), pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
  39. 59.
    For a survey of these men’s prior views, see A. Wong, ‘Birth of an Ombudsman’, United College Journal of Hong Kong 11, 1973, pp. 133–6.Google Scholar
  40. 60.
    Justice Society (Whyatt Report), The Citizen and the Administration: The Redress of Grievances, London, Justice Society, 1961, pp. 29, 34–5.Google Scholar
  41. 72.
    S. Fielding, ‘The British Labour Party and “Participation” in the 1960s’, in J. Callaghan and I. Favretto (eds), Transitions in Social Democracy: Culture and Ideological Problems of the Golden Age, Manchester University Press, 2006, esp. pp. 139–43.Google Scholar
  42. 82.
    F. Stacey, Ombudsmen Compared, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978, pp. 127–8.Google Scholar
  43. 87.
    M. Williams, Inside Number Ten, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972, p. 110.Google Scholar
  44. 90.
    R. Crossman, ‘Socialism and the New Despotism’, Fabian Tracts 298, 1956, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar
  45. 106.
    D.W. Williams, Maladministration: Remedies for Injustice, London, Oyez, 1976, pp. 62–4.Google Scholar
  46. 109.
    D.C. Rowat (ed.), The Ombudsman: Citizen’s Defender, London, Allen and Unwin, 1965, pp. 336–7; Means, ‘Norwegian Ombudsman’, table 1, p. 634.Google Scholar
  47. 110.
    P. Birkinshaw, Grievances, Remedies and the State, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1985, p. 131.Google Scholar
  48. 111.
    M. Winstanley, ‘Britain’s “Ombudsman” — His Role in the Process of Parliamentary Scrutiny’, in A. Morris (ed.), The Growth of Parliamentary Scrutiny by Committee, Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1970, p. 80.Google Scholar
  49. 112.
    P. Dorey, The Labour Party and Constitutional Reform: A History of Conservatism, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, p. 74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 113.
    See also e.g. M. Hill, The State, Administration and the Individual, London, Martin Robertson, 1976, p. 153.Google Scholar
  51. 114.
    G. Marshall, ‘The British Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 377, 1968, p. 96.Google Scholar
  52. 115.
    Justice, Our Fettered Ombudsman, London, Justice, 1977, pp. 3–7, 17, 23–5, 27–9.Google Scholar
  53. 116.
    W.B. Gwyn, ‘The British PCA: “Ombudsman or Ombudsmouse”?’, Journal of Politics 35, 1973, pp. 46–7; see also ‘Ombudsman — or Ombudsmouse?’, The Times, 10 November 1967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. 119.
    Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, Annual Report for 2008–09: Every Complaint Matters, London, TSO, 2009, fig. 2, p. 9.Google Scholar
  55. 120.
    W.B. Gwyn, ‘The Ombudsman in Britain: A Qualified Success in Government Reform’, Public Administration 60, 1982, p. 179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. 129.
    P. Giddings, ‘The Health Service Ombudsman after Twenty-Five Years’, Public Law 34, 1999, p. 201.Google Scholar
  57. 130.
    National Consumer Council, A to Z of Ombudsmen, London, National Consumer Council, 1997, iv–v.Google Scholar
  58. 131.
    Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, Annual Report for 1997/1998, London, HMSO, 1998, p. 19.Google Scholar
  59. 132.
    Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, Trusting in the Pensions Promise, London, TSO, 2006;Google Scholar
  60. Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman, Equitable Life: A Decade of Regulatory Failure, London, TSO, 2008.Google Scholar
  61. 133.
    M. Elliott, ‘Asymmetric Devolution and Ombudsman Reform in England’, Public Law 50, 2006, pp. 84–105; M. Seneviratne, ‘A New Ombudsman for Wales’, Public Law 50, pp. 6–14.Google Scholar
  62. 134.
    M.G. Flekkøy, A Voice for Children: Speaking Out as their Ombudsman, London, Jessica Kingsley, 1991, esp. pp. 47–50, is a personal account of the early history of the Norwegian office.Google Scholar
  63. For the background to the UK initiatives see G. Lansdown, ‘Children’s Rights Commissioners for the UK’, in B. Franklin (ed.), The New Handbook of Children’s Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice, London, Routledge, 2002, pp. 286–9.Google Scholar
  64. 135.
    S. Owen, ‘The Ombudsman: Essential Elements and Common Challenges’, in L.C. Reif, M.A. Marshall and C. Ferris (eds), The Ombudsman: Diversity and Development, Alberta, International Ombudsman Institute, 1993, p. 1.Google Scholar
  65. 136.
    M. Hilton, ‘Consumer Politics in Post-War Britain’, in M.J. Daunton and M. Hilton (eds), The Politics of Consumption: Material Culture and Citizenship in Europe and America, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, esp. pp. 250–7;Google Scholar
  66. see also M. Hilton, Consumerism in Twentieth-Century Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2003, esp. pp. 219–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. 137.
    J. Vernon, ‘The Ethics of Hunger and the Assembly of Society: The Techno-Politics of the School Meal in Modern Britain’, American Historical Review 110, 2005, pp. 693–725;CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  68. P. Atkins, ‘School Milk in Britain, 1900–1934’, Journal of Policy History 19, 2007, pp. 395–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. 138.
    See C. Hogg, Citizens, Consumers and the NHS: Capturing Voices, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, esp. pp. 180–5.Google Scholar
  70. 139.
    For this point see S. Kroen, ‘A Political History of the Consumer’, Historical Journal 47, 2004, pp. 722–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. 140.
    S. Schrafstetter, ‘“Gentlemen, the Cheese Is All Gone!” British POWs, the “Great Escape” and the Anglo-German Agreement for Compensation to Victims of Nazism’, Contemporary European History 17, 2008, esp. p. 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 141.
    Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, Fifth Report for 1974/75, London, HMSO, 1975, esp. pp. 26, 28;Google Scholar
  73. R. Gregory, ‘Court Line, Mr. Benn and the Ombudsman’, Parliamentary Affairs 30, 1977, pp. 269–92.Google Scholar
  74. 143.
    For journalistic accounts of the Swedish model’s travails, see A. Brown, Fishing in Utopia: Sweden and the Future that Disappeared, London, Granta, 2008, esp. pp. 26–42, 137–40, 146–50,Google Scholar
  75. and S. Rausing, ‘The Death of a Dream’, New Statesman, 29 June 2009. Right-wing Swedish critiques of the social democratic model are summarised in U. Nilson, What Happened to Sweden? While America Became the Only Superpower, New York, Nordstjernan Forlag, 2007, pp. 125–38.Google Scholar
  76. 144.
    M. Hilson, The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945, London, Reaktion, 2008, p. 114.Google Scholar
  77. 145.
    See M. Bevir and F. Trentmann, ‘Critique within Capitalism: Historiographical Problems, Theoretical Perspectives’, in M. Bevir and F. Trentmann (eds), Critiques of Capital in Modern Britain and America, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 1–25, and on the latter point C. Hay, ‘New Labour and “Third Way” Political Economy: Paving the European Road to Washington?’, in ibid., pp. 195–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  78. 146.
    J. Harris, ‘Civil Society in British History: Paradigm or Peculiarity?’, in J. Harris (ed.), Civil Society in British History: Ideas, Identities, Institutions, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 4.Google Scholar
  79. 147.
    D. Dolowitz and D. Marsh, ‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’, Governance: An International Journal of Policy and Administration 13, 2000, esp. pp. 17–21.Google Scholar
  80. 148.
    For the contrary view see P.J. DiMaggio and W.W. Powell, ‘The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields’, American Sociological Review 48, 1983, pp. 147–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Glen O’Hara 2012

Authors and Affiliations

  • Glen O’Hara
    • 1
  1. 1.Oxford Brookes UniversityUK

Personalised recommendations