Mandrake, the Love Apple, and the World’s Religions

  • John M. Riddle

Abstract

Genesis 30: 14–17: In the days of wheat harvest Reuben went and found mandrakes in the field, and brought them to his mother Leah. Then Rachel [Leah’s younger sister] said to Leah, “Give me, I pray, some of your son’s mandrakes.” But she said to her, “Is it a small matter that you have taken away my husband [Jacob]? Would you take away my son’s mandrakes also?” Rachel said, “Then he may lie with you tonight for your son’s mandrakes.” When Jacob came from the field in the evening, Leah went out to meet him, and said, “You must come in to me; for I have hired you with my son’s mandrakes.” So he lay with her that night. And God hearkened to Leah, and she conceived and bore Jacob a sixth son. [Rev. Standard trans.]

Keywords

Tropane Alkaloid Eleventh Century Medical Writer Solanaceae Family Comatose State 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. 2.
    Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, 7 vols. (Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1937), 1: 367.Google Scholar
  2. 5.
    John Skinner, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1976 repr.), p. 388Google Scholar
  3. Skinner, Myths and Legends of Flowers, Trees, Fruits, and Plants in All Ages and All Climes (Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1925), pp. 168–170.Google Scholar
  4. 6.
    J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (New York: Scholastics, 1999), pp. 91–93.Google Scholar
  5. 7.
    Qu’ran. Surah 14:37, cf. Gen. 21:14; Surah 11:69-72; Surah 37:100-112. For a full discussion, see Phyllis Tribble and Letty M. Russell, eds. Hagar, Sarah, and Their Children (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2006).Google Scholar
  6. 8.
    Jacob Neusner, Comparative Midrash: The Plan and Program of Genesis and Leviticus Rabbab (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1986), p. 156Google Scholar
  7. Gwendolyn Leick, Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 45–48.Google Scholar
  8. 10.
    Raphael Patai, Sex and Family in the Bible and the Middle East (Garden City, NY: Putnam’s Sons, 1959), p. 121.Google Scholar
  9. 13.
    Savina J. Teubal, Sarah the Priestess: The First Matriarch of Genesis (Athens, OH: Swallow Press, 1984), p. 102Google Scholar
  10. 14.
    Betty P. Jackson and Michael I. Berry, “Hydroxytropane Tiglates in the Roots of Mandragora Species,” Phytochemistry 12 (1973): 1165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 15.
    M. Grieve, A Modern Herbal (New York: Barnes and Noble, repr. 1996), pp. 510–511.Google Scholar
  12. 16.
    Gaston Maspero, A History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria. 13 vols. (London: Gralier Society [1901?-1906]), 1: 235Google Scholar
  13. Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians or Studies in Egyptian Mythology, 2 vols. (London: Methuen, 1904), 1: 363–366.Google Scholar
  14. 17.
    Ibid., 1:235-237; Lewis Spence, Myths and Legends of Ancient Egypt (New York: Farrar and Reinhart, 1933), pp. 162–168.Google Scholar
  15. 18.
    Richard H. Wilkinson, Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (London: Thames and Hudson, 1988), pp. 138–145Google Scholar
  16. 21.
    C. J. S. Thompson, The Mystic Mandrake (New Hyde Park, NY: University Books, 1968), p. 44Google Scholar
  17. 22.
    Manniche, pp. 117–119, esp. 119; see also Renate Germer, Flora des pharaonichen Ägypten (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1985), pp. 42–43.Google Scholar
  18. John F. Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 156–157Google Scholar
  19. 23.
    Carolyn Brown, “Plants and Trees of Ancient Egypt,” Inscriptions: The Newsletter of the Friends of Egypt Centre 9 (December 2001), p. 11.Google Scholar
  20. 24.
    John M. Riddle, Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 66–69.Google Scholar
  21. 25.
    Kate Boasse-Griffithe, “The Fruit of the Mandrake,” in Fontes Aeque Pontes (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983), pp. 62–72Google Scholar
  22. 26.
    F. Nigel Hepper, Pharaoh’s Flowers: The Botanical Treasures of Tutankhamun (London: HMSO, 1990), p. 15.Google Scholar
  23. 28.
    R. K. Harrison, “The Mandrake and the Ancient World,” The Evangelical Quarterly 28/2 (1956): 56Google Scholar
  24. Claudia Müller-Ebeling, “Die Alraune in der Bibel,” in Alfred Schlosser, Die Sage vom Galgenmännlein im Volksglauben und in der Literatur (Berlin: Express Edition, 1987): 141–149.Google Scholar
  25. 29.
    Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke, Plants of the Bible (Waltham, MA: Chronica Botanica Company, 1952), p. 137Google Scholar
  26. 30.
    Löw, 2: 363–368; Preuss, p. 463; Michael Zohary, Plants of the Bible (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 188–189Google Scholar
  27. 32.
    Ba’al et ‘Anat. 5.AB. C. 13, in Textes Ougaritiques., André Caquot, Maurice Sznycer, and Andrée Herdner, trans with commentary (Paris, Les Éditions du Cerf, 1974,) 1: 164, but these translators contest the translation as pointing to the mandrake plant; a number of other Ugaritic scholars, however, believe the word does mean mandrake. See references in M. Stoll, Birth in Babylonia and the Bible: Its Mediterranean Setting. Cuneiform Monographs 14 (Groningen: Styx Publications, 2000), p. 56Google Scholar
  28. 39.
    Jerry Stannard, “The Plant Called Moly,” in Herbs and Herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Katherine Stannard and Richard Kay, eds. (Aldershot: Ashgate Variorum, 1999), pp. 256–307Google Scholar
  29. John Scarborough (“The Pharmacology of Sacred Plants, Herbs, and Roots,” in Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion [New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 139–140Google Scholar
  30. 41.
    See W. Gunther Plaut, Bernard J. Bamberger, and William H. Hallo, Torah: The Torah, a Modern Commentary (New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregation, 1981), p. 207Google Scholar
  31. Michael Wink, “A Short History of Alkaloids,” in Alkaloids. Biochemistry, Ecology, and Medicinal Aplications. Margaret F. Roberts and Michael Wink, eds. (New York and London: Plenum Press, 1998), p. 21Google Scholar
  32. R. L. Hunter, commentary to Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica Book III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 188.Google Scholar
  33. 42.
    Anne Van Arsdall, “Exploring What Was Understood by ‘Mandragora’ in Anglo-Saxon England,” in Old Names, New Growth: Proceedings of the 2nd Anglo-Plant Name Survey Symposium. Graz, June 6–10, 2007. P. Bierbaumer and H. W. Klug, eds. (Frankfurt/Main: Lang, 2009), p. 67. I express gratitude to Dr. Van Arsdall for permitting to see and quote from her prepublication paper. For detailed references to various legend accounts, see Charles Brewster Randolph, “The Mandrake of the Ancients in Folk-Lore and Medicine,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 40 (1905): 487–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Wolfgang Schmidbauer, “Die magische Mandragora,” Antalos 10 (1969): 274–286.Google Scholar
  35. 43.
    Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, 9. 7. 8 (Arthur Hort, trans., in Loeb 2: 256–259); see discussion by John Scarborough, “Drugs and Drug Lore in the Time of Theophrastus: Folklore, Magic, Botany, Philosophy and the Rootcutters,” Acta Classica 69 (2006): 1–29Google Scholar
  36. 50.
    For example, Rosemary A. Cotes, Bible Flowers (London: Methuen, 1904), p. 64Google Scholar
  37. Jeanne Rose, Herbs and Things (New York: Grossett and Dunlap, 1973), p. 81.Google Scholar
  38. 52.
    The assertion that Baaras is mandrake is found in Christian Rätsch, “Einleitung,” to: Alfred Schlosser, Die Sabe vom Galgenmännlein im Volksglauben und in der Literatur (Berlin: Express Edition, 1987), p. xviii.Google Scholar
  39. 53.
    R. Campbell Thompson, “The Migration of Assyrian Plant-names into the West,” The Classical Review 38 (1924): 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. 54.
    Hildegard of Bingen, The Book of Blessed Hildegard begins, Physica. Bruce W. Hozeski, trans. (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002), 56, p. 51. See also Marvin H. Pope, Song of Songs: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. Anchor Bible Series (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977), p. 649.Google Scholar
  41. 56.
    Robert D. Biggs, ŠA’.ZI.GA. Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations (=Texts from Cuneiform Sources, vol. 2, Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1967), p. 70.Google Scholar
  42. 59.
    R. Campbell Thompson, “Assyrian Medical Texts,” Proceeding of the Royal Society of Medicine 19 (1926): 56Google Scholar
  43. John Scarborough, “The Opium Poppy in Hellenistic and Roman Medicine,” in Drugs and Narcotics in History. Roy Porter and Mikuláš, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 4–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. 60.
    Markham J. Geller, Renal and Rectal Disease Texts. Vol. 7 of MTU (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2005), pp. 32–33Google Scholar
  45. 67.
    Robert S. Holtzman, “The Legacy of Atropos, the Fate Who Cut the Thread of Life,” Anesthesiology 89/1 (1998): 241–249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. 71.
    James A. Duke, CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985), p. 292.Google Scholar
  47. 73.
    Therapeutic Drugs. 2nd ed., in 2 vols. Colin Dollery, ed. (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston, 1999), 1: A240–245.Google Scholar
  48. 76.
    Monika Adt, Peter Schmuker, and Iris Müller, “The Role of Atropine in Antiquity and in Anaesthesia,” in The History of Anaesthesia. Richard S. Atkinson and Thomas B. Boulton, eds. (London: Parthenon, 1987), p. 44.Google Scholar
  49. 78.
    Robert Sallares, Malaria and Rome: A History of Malaria in Ancient Italy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 9–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. 85.
    Jackson, Bettty P., and Michael I. Berry, “Hydrooxytropane Tiglates in the Roots of Mandragora Species,” Phytochemistry 12 (1973): 12/5 (1973): 1165–1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. 90.
    Peter V. Taberner, Aphrodisiacs: The Science and the Myth (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), pp. 111–120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. 91.
    Michael McCormick, “Towards a Molecular History of Justinianic Plague,” in Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750. Lester E. Little, ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 295.Google Scholar
  53. 96.
    Soranus, Gynecology, Oswei Temkin, trans. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1956), 1. 35.Google Scholar
  54. 105.
    Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 10. 11 (J. Arthur Hanson, trans. in Loeb Classical Library, 2 vols. [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989], 2: 237).Google Scholar
  55. 115.
    John Timbrell, The Poison Paradox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 148Google Scholar
  56. John Mann, Murder, Magic, and Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 24Google Scholar
  57. 116.
    Charlesworth, “Livia and Tanaquil,” The Classical Review 41/2 (1927): 55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. 118.
    Gohar Muradyan, Physiologus: The Greek and Armenian Versions with a Study of Translation Technique (Leuven: Peeters, 2005).Google Scholar
  59. 119.
    The Bestiary. A Book of Beasts Being from a Translation from a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century, T. H. White, ed. (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1960 ed.), p. 27Google Scholar
  60. Michael J. Curley, Physiologus (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).Google Scholar
  61. 122.
    Hugo Rahner, Greek Myths and Christian Mystery. Brian Battershaw, trans. (New York: Harper and Row, 1963; German ed., 1957), p. 257.Google Scholar
  62. 123.
    Francis J. Carmody, “Physiologus Latinus Version Y,” University of California Publications in Classical Philology 12 (1944): 118.Google Scholar
  63. 124.
    Hildegard, Physica, 1. 56 as cited by William Scott Shelley, The Elixir: An Alchemical Study of the Ergot Mushrooms (Notre Dame: Crosse Cultural Publications, 1995), p. 129.Google Scholar
  64. 125.
    Max Wellmann, “Allgemeiner Charakter des Physiologos. Zeit und Ort seiner Entstehund,” in Philologus. Zeitschrift für das klassische Altertum, vol. 22 (Leipzig: Dieterich’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1930), 22/1: 41–42.Google Scholar
  65. 130.
    Debra Hassig, Medieval Bestiaries: Text, Image, Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 129–144.Google Scholar
  66. 131.
    T. H. White, translation, The Bestiary: A Book of Beasts (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954), p. 27Google Scholar
  67. 133.
    E. A. Wallis Budge (translation and commentary), The Book of Medicines: Ancient Syrian Anatomy, Pathology, and Therapeutics (London: Kegan Paul, 2002 repr.), p. 713Google Scholar
  68. 134.
    Samuel S. Kottek, Medicine and Hygiene in the Works of Flavius Josephus (Leiden: Brill, 1994), p. 132.Google Scholar
  69. 137.
    Lumfr O. Hanus, Tomas Rezanka, Jaroslav Spížek, and Valery M. Dembitsky, “Substances Isolated from Mandragora Species,” Phytochemistry 66 (2005): 2415–2416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. 139.
    A. D. Doman, P. C. Zuttermeister, and R. Friedman, “The Psychological Impact of Infertility: A Comparison with Patients with Other Medical Conditions,” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology 14 (1993 special issue): 45–52Google Scholar
  71. Markus S. Kupka et al., “Stress Relief after Infertility Treatment-spontaneous Conception, Adoption, and Psychological Counseling,” European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Biology 110/2 (2003): 190–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. 140.
    Annett L. Stanton, Sharon Sears, Marci Lobel, and Robyn Stein DeLuca, “Psychosocial Aspects of Selected Issues in Women’s Reproductive Health: Current Status and Future Directions,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70/3 (2002): 758Google Scholar
  73. 141.
    Frederick J. Kakis, Drugs: Facts and Fiction (New York: Franklin Watts, 1982), p. 207.Google Scholar
  74. 144.
    S. N. Kalantaridou, et al., “Stress and the Female Reproductive System,” Journal of Reproductive Immunology 62 (2004): 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. 145.
    Wolfgang Schmidbauer, “Die magische Mandragora,” Antalos 10 (1969): 284Google Scholar
  76. 147.
    Machiavelli, Mandragola, David Sices and James B. Atkinson, eds. and trans. (Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1985), pp. 158–159.Google Scholar
  77. 148.
    D. C. Allen, “Donne on the Mandrake,” Modern Language Notes 74/4 (1959): 396.Google Scholar
  78. 149.
    English Poetry (1170–1892). John Matthews Manley, ed. (Boston: Ginn, 1907), p. 153.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© John M. Riddle 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • John M. Riddle

There are no affiliations available

Personalised recommendations