Introduction: Vertical Relations in Science, Philosophy, and the World: Understanding the New Debates over Verticality1

  • Kenneth Aizawa
  • Carl Gillett
Chapter
Part of the New Directions in the Philosophy of Science book series (NDPS)

Abstract

This chapter critiques the new mechanistic explanatory program on grounds that, even when applied to the kinds of examples that it was originally designed to treat, it does not distinguish correct explanations from those that blunder. First, I offer a systematization of the explanatory account, one according to which explanations are mechanistic models that satisfy three desiderata: they must (1) represent causal relations, (2) describe the proper parts, and (3) depict the system at the right “level.” Second, I argue that even the most developed attempts to fulfill these desiderata fall short by failing to appropriately constrain explanatorily apt mechanistic models.

Keywords

Mechanistic Explanation Scientific Explanation Good Account Research Tradition Local Account 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Aizawa, K. (2007). The biochemistry of memory consolidation: A model system for the philosophy of mind. Synthese, 155, 65–98.Google Scholar
  2. Bechtel, W., & Abrahamsen, A. (2005). Explanation: A mechanist alternative. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 36(2), 421–441.Google Scholar
  3. Bechtel, W., & Richardson, R. (1993). Discovering complexity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  4. Bliss, R., & Trogdon, K. (2014). Metaphysical grounding. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/grounding/.
  5. Clapp, L. (2001). Disjunctive properties: Multiple realizations. Journal of Philosophy, XCVIII.Google Scholar
  6. Couch, M. (2011). Mechanisms and constitutive relevance. Synthese, 183, 375–388.Google Scholar
  7. Craver, C. (2007). Explaining the brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  8. Craver, C., & Bechtel, W. (2007). Top-down causation without top-down causes. Biology and Philosophy, 22(4), 547.Google Scholar
  9. Dennett, D. (1969). Content and consciousness. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
  10. Fine, K. (2001). The question of realism. Philosopher’s Imprint, 1(1), 1–30.Google Scholar
  11. Fine, K. (2012). Guide to ground. In F. Correia & B. Schnieder (Eds.), Metaphysical grounding: Understanding the structure of reality (pp. 37–80). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  12. Fodor, J. (1968). Psychological explanation. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
  13. Fodor, J. (1974). Special sciences (or: the disunity of science as a working hypothesis). Synthese, 28(2), 97–115.Google Scholar
  14. Gillett, C. (2002). The dimensions of realization: A critique of the Standard view. Analysis, 62(276), 316–323.Google Scholar
  15. Gillett, C. (2007). Hyper-extending the mind? Setting boundaries in the special sciences. Philosophical Topics, 35, 161–187. Google Scholar
  16. Gillett, C. (2013a). Constitution, and multiple constitution, in the Sciences: Using the neuron to construct a starting framework. Minds and Machines 23, 309–37.Google Scholar
  17. Gillett, C. (2013b). Understanding the Sciences through the Fog of ‘Functionalism(s)’. In P. Hunneman (ed.) Functions: Selection and Mechanisms (pp. 159–181). Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
  18. Glennan, S. (1996). Mechanisms and the nature of causation. Erkenntnis, 44(1), 49–71.Google Scholar
  19. Hall, N. (2004). Two concepts of causation. In J. Collins, N. Hall & L. Paul (Eds.), Causation and counterfactuals (pp. 225–276). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  20. Harbecke, J. (2010). Mechanistic constitution in neurobiological explanations. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 24(3), 267–285. Google Scholar
  21. Harbecke, J. (2014a). The role of supervenience and constitution in neuroscientific research. Synthese, 191(5), 725–743.Google Scholar
  22. Harbecke, J. (2014b). Regularity constitution and the location of mechanistic levels. Foundations of Science, 20(3), 323–338.Google Scholar
  23. Harinen, T. (2014). Mutual manipulability and causal inbetweeness. Synthese. Online pre-pubication.Google Scholar
  24. Healey, R. (2013). Physical Composition. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science Part B, 44, 48–62.Google Scholar
  25. Kaiser, M., & Krickel, B. (2016). The metaphysics of constitutive mechanistic phenomena. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. Online pre-publication.Google Scholar
  26. Kim, J. (1992). Multiple realization and the metaphysics of reduction. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 1–26.Google Scholar
  27. Kitcher, P. (1984). 1953 and all that: A tale of two sciences. Philosophical Review, 93, 335–73.Google Scholar
  28. Koslicki, K. (2015). The coarse-grainedness of grounding. In K. Bennett and D. Zimmerman (ed.), Oxford studies in metaphysics (pp. 306–344). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  29. Machamer, P., Darden, L., & Craver, C. (2000). Thinking about mechanisms. Philosophy of Science, 67(1), 1–25.Google Scholar
  30. Melnyk, A. (2003). A physicalist manifesto: Thoroughly modern materialism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  31. Pereboom, D. (2002). Robust nonreductive materialism. Journal of Philosophy, 99, pp. 499–531.Google Scholar
  32. Pereboom, D. (2011). Consciousness and the Prospects of Physicalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  33. Raven, M. J. (2015). Ground. Philosophy Compass, 10(5), 322–333.Google Scholar
  34. Rosen, G. (2010). Metaphysical dependence: Grounding and reduction. In R. Hale & A. Hoffman (Eds.), Modality: Metaphysics, logic, and epistemology (pp. 109–136). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  35. Schaffer, J. (2009). On what grounds what. In D. Chalmers, D. Manley & R. Wasserman (Eds.), Metametaphysics (pp. 357–383). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  36. Schaffer, J. (2016). Grounding in the image of causation. Philosophical studies, 173, 49–100.Google Scholar
  37. Shoemaker, S. (2001). Realization and mental causation. In C. Gillett and B. Loewer (eds.), Physicalism and its discontents (pp. 23–33). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  38. Shoemaker, S. (2003). Realization, micro-realization and coincidence. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67, 1–23.Google Scholar
  39. Shoemaker, S. (2007). Physical realization. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  40. Wilson, J. M. (1999). How superduper does a physicalist supervenience need to be? Philosophical Quarterly, 49, 33–52.Google Scholar
  41. Wilson, J. M. (2009). Determination, realization, and mental causation. Philosophical Studies, 149–169.Google Scholar
  42. Wilson, J. M. (2014). No work for a theory of grounding. Inquiry, 57(5–6), 535–579.Google Scholar
  43. Woodward, J., 2003, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Kenneth Aizawa
    • 1
  • Carl Gillett
    • 2
  1. 1.Department of PhilosophyRutgers UniversityNJUSA
  2. 2.Northern Illinois UniversityILUSA

Personalised recommendations