Sociolinguistics in Wales pp 123-150 | Cite as
Variation and Change in the Grammar of Welsh English
Abstract
This chapter focuses on recent changes in the morphosyntax of Welsh English, a set of regional dialects of English with distinctive Welsh contact influence. I present fresh research on three contact-induced features—focus fronting, extended uses of the preposition with, and invariant question tags is it?/isn’t it?—across corpora from different parts of Wales and speakers of varying ages. The roles of language shift, language acquisition, community, and prestige intertwine in the observed patterns of variation in intricate ways, showing that while the most distinctive Welsh-induced characteristics are being levelled, the investigated features are also drawing on vernacular English English for support. Young Welsh English speakers, particularly in South Wales, are updating their dialect while maintaining its regionality.
Keywords
Language Policy Language Shift Semantic Extension Present Chapter Welsh LanguageReferences
- Aitchison, John, and Harold Carter. 2000. Language, economy and society: The changing fortunes of the Welsh language in the twentieth century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
- ———. 2004. Spreading the word: The Welsh language 2001. Talybont: Y Lolfa.Google Scholar
- Algeo, John. 1988. The tag question in British English: It’s different, i’n’ it? English World-Wide 9(2): 171–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Andersen, Gisle. 2001. Pragmatic markers and sociolinguistic variation. A relevance-theoretic approach to the language of adolescents. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Awbery, Gwen. 1997. The English language in Wales. In The Celtic Englishes, ed. H.L.C. Tristram, 86–99. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
- Axelsson, Karin. 2011. Tag questions in fiction dialogue. PhD dissertation at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. E-publication available at: https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/24047/1/gupea_2077_24047_1.pdf
- Birner, Betty J., and Gregory Ward. 1998. Information status and noncanonical word order in English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
- Chambers, J. K. 2009. Sociolinguistic theory: Linguistic variation and its social significance. Revised edition. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
- Collins, Peter (ed). 2015. Grammatical change in English world-wide. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
- Coupland, Nikolas. 1988. Dialect in use: Sociolinguistic variation in Cardiff English. Cardiff: University of Wales Press (UWP).Google Scholar
- Coupland, Nikolas (ed., in association with A. R. Thomas) 1990. English in Wales: Diversity, conflict and change. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
- Deuchar, Margaret, Kevin Donnelly, and Caroline Piercy. 2016. Factors favouring the production of code-switching by Welsh–English bilingual speakers. In Sociolinguistics in Wales, ed. Mercedes Durham, and Jonathan Morris. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
- Ellis, Alexander J. 1882. On the delimitation of the English and Welsh languages. Y Cymmrodor 4: 173–208.Google Scholar
- Fife, James, and Gareth King. 1991. Focus and the Welsh ‘abnormal sentence’: A cross-linguistic perspective. In Studies in Brythonic word order, ed. James Fife, and Erich Poppe, 81–153. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Filppula, Markku. 1986. Some aspects of Hiberno-English in a functional sentence perspective. Joensuu: University of Joensuu.Google Scholar
- Garrett, Peter, Nikolas Coupland, and Angie Williams. 1999. Evaluating dialect in discourse: Teachers’ and teenagers’ responses to young English speakers in Wales. Language in Society 28: 321–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- ———. 2003. Investigating language attitudes: Social meanings of dialect, ethnicity and performance. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
- George, Ceri. 1990. Community and coal: An investigation of the English-language dialect of the Rhondda Valleys, Mid Glamorgan. Unpublished PhD thesis. Swansea: University College Swansea.Google Scholar
- Giles, Howard. 1990. Social meanings of Welsh English. In English in Wales: Diversity, conflict and change, ed. Nikolas Coupland, 258–282. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
- King, Gareth. 1993. Modern Welsh: A comprehensive grammar. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Klemola, Juhani, and Mark Jones. 1999. The Leeds Corpus of English Dialects B project. In Dialectal variation in English: Proceedings of the Harold Orton Centenary conference 1998, Leeds studies in English, ed. Clive Upton, and Katie Wales, 17–30. Leeds: University of Leeds, School of English.Google Scholar
- Krug, Manfred. 1998. British English is developing a new discourse marker, innit? A study in lexicalisation based on social, regional and stylistic variation. Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik 23(2): 145–197.Google Scholar
- Lewis, J. Windsor. 1964. Glamorgan Spoken English. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
- Meriläinen, Lea, Heli Paulasto, and Paula Rautionaho. forthcoming. Extended uses of the progressive form in inner, outer and expanding circle Englishes. In Changing English: Global and local perspectives, Topics in English Linguistics, ed. Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, Anna Mauranen, and Svetlana Vetchinnikova. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
- Mesthrie, Rajend, and Rakesh Bhatt. 2008. World Englishes: The study of new linguistic varieties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Morris Jones, Bob. 1990. Welsh influence on children’s English. In English in Wales: Diversity, conflict and change, ed. Nikolas Coupland, 195–231. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
- Parry, David. 1977. The survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects, Vol. 1: The South-East. Swansea: David Parry, University College.Google Scholar
- ———. 1979. The survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects, Vol. 2: The South-West. Swansea: David Parry, University College.Google Scholar
- ———. 1999. A grammar and glossary of conservative Anglo-Welsh Dialects of rural Wales. NATCECT. Occasional Publications, No. 8. Sheffield: University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
- Paulasto, Heli. 2006. Welsh English syntax: Contact and variation. Joensuu: Joensuu University Press. Available at: http://epublications.uef.fi/pub/urn_isbn_952-458-804-8/index_en.html
- ———. 2009. Regional effects of the mode of transmission in Welsh English. In Language contacts meet English dialects: Studies in honour of Markku Filppula, ed. Esa Penttilä and Heli Paulasto, 211–229. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
- ———. 2013a. There’s variation with with in Welsh English: A case of context extension. Paper presented at the CROSSLING Symposium: Language Contacts at the Crossroads of Disciplines, Joensuu, 28 Feb–1 Mar 2013.Google Scholar
- ———. 2013b. Invariant tags in Welsh English. Paper presented at IAWE 19, Tempe AZ, 16–18 Nov 2013.Google Scholar
- ———. 2014. Conceptions of Welsh English and the factors of time, space, and linguistic identity. Paper presented at Sociolinguistics Symposium 20, Jyväskylä, Finland, 15–18 June 2014.Google Scholar
- Paulasto, Heli, and Rob Penhallurick. forthcoming. Welsh English. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
- Penhallurick, Rob. 1991. The Anglo-Welsh Dialects of North Wales. University of Bamberg Studies in English Linguistics, Vol. 27. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- ———. 1993. Welsh English: A national language? Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 1: 28–46.Google Scholar
- ———. 1994. Gowerland and its language. University of Bamberg Studies in English Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
- ———. 2004. Welsh English: Morphology and syntax. In A handbook of varieties of English, Vol. 2: Morphology and syntax, ed. Bernd Kortmann, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider, and Clive Upton, 102–113. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
- ———. 2007. English in Wales. In Language in the British Isles, ed. David Britain, 152–170. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Prince, Ellen F. 1981. Toward a taxonomy of given/new information. In Radical pragmatics, ed. Peter Cole, 223–255. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
- Pryce, W.T.R. 1998. Language areas in north-east Wales c. 1800–1911. In Language and community in the nineteenth century, ed. Geraint H. Jenkins, 21–61. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
- Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A comprehensive grammar of the English language. London: Longman.Google Scholar
- Roberts, Gwyneth Tyson. 1998. The language of the blue books: The perfect instrument of the empire. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
- Thomas, Alan R. 1984. Welsh English. In Languages in the British Isles, ed. Peter Trudgill, 178–194. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- ———. 1994. English in Wales. In The Cambridge history of the English language, Vol. V: English in Britain and overseas: Origins and development, ed. Robert Burchfield, 94–147. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Torgersen, Eivind, Costas Gabrielatos, Sebastian Hoffmann, and Sue Fox. 2011. A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7(1): 93–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Trudgill, Peter. 2009. Vernacular universals and the sociolinguistic typology of English dialects. In Vernacular universals and language contacts: Evidence from varieties of English and beyond, ed. Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Heli Paulasto, 304–322. London/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Williams, Malcolm. 2003. Information packaging in Rhondda speech: A second look at the research of Ceri George. In The Celtic Englishes III, ed. Hildegard L.C. Tristram, 201–224. Heidelberg: C. Winter.Google Scholar