Effective Interventions for Change

  • Tessa Wright
Chapter

Abstract

Chapter  3 illustrated the slow pace of change in gender representation in construction and transport in comparison to other sectors. Chapters  4,  5,  6 and  7 detailed the difficulties still facing women in entering and remaining in male-dominated occupations, while highlighting some progress made and some of the benefits women felt from working in male-dominated jobs. Where changes in the gender balance and gendered culture of workplaces have occurred, this has often been as a result of proactive strategies and measures intended to overcome occupational gender segregation. This chapter examines a variety of initiatives to encourage women to enter male-dominated occupations and to support their retention, drawing on examples from Canada, the USA, South Africa, the UK and other EU countries. It seeks to identify some of the factors that contribute to increasing women’s participation in male-dominated sectors, highlighting the importance of the legal framework underpinning intervention, as well as enforcement of the law, and the political will to implement change at all levels. The chapter discusses published research from interventions in several national contexts, as well as my own empirical research findings from the UK.

Keywords

Affirmative Action Equality Objective Construction Trade Main Contractor Occupational Gender Segregation 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

References

  1. Bergmann, B.R. 1996. In defense of affirmative action. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  2. Buelen, W., S. Wixforth, and J. Cremers. 2015. Social considerations in public procurement. Brussels: European Federation of Building and Woodworkers.Google Scholar
  3. Cabinet Office. 2012. Procurement Policy Note: The Public Services (Social Value) Act 2012. London: Cabinet Office and Efficiency Reform Group.Google Scholar
  4. Calvert, J., and B. Redlin. 2003. Achieving public policy objectives through collective agreements: The project agreement model for public construction in British Columbia’s transportation sector. Just Labor 3(Spring): 1–13.Google Scholar
  5. Cantrell, M. 2015. DLOs: When the market speaks. Housing, 26 January 2015.Google Scholar
  6. Clarke, L., and C. Wall. 2004. Now you’re in, now you’re out: Women’s changing participation in the building trades in Britain. In Women in construction, ed. L. Clarke, E.F. Pedersen, E. Michielsens, B. Susman, and C. Wall, 24–47. Brussels: CLR/Reed Business Information.Google Scholar
  7. Clarke, L., and C. Wall. 2014. Are women ‘not up to’ working in construction – At all times and everywhere? In Building the future: Women in construction, ed. M. Munn, 9–17. London: The Smith Institute.Google Scholar
  8. Clarke, L., E. Michielsens, S. Snijders, C. Wall, A. Dainty, B. Bagilhole, and S. Barnard. 2015. ‘No more softly, softly’: Review of women in the construction workforce. London: University of Westminster.Google Scholar
  9. Colgan, F., S. Johnstone, and S. Shaw. 1996. On the move: Women in the Toronto public transport sector. In Women in organisations: Challenging gender politics, ed. S. Ledwith and F. Colgan, 245–277. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Conley, H. 2011. The road to equality – Legislating for change? In Gower handbook of discrimination at work, ed. T. Wright and H. Conley, 23–31. Farnham, Surrey: Gower Publishing.Google Scholar
  11. Conley, H., and M. Page. 2015. Gender equality in public services: Chasing the dream. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
  12. Construction Industry Development Board. 2006. Construction sector broad-based black economic empowerment charter: version 6, CIDB.Google Scholar
  13. Craig, S., and A. Oates. 2014. Empowering women in construction. In Building the future: Women in construction, ed. M. Munn, 77–86. London: The Smith Institute.Google Scholar
  14. Druker, J., and G. White. 2013. Employment relations on major construction projects: The London 2012 Olympic construction site. Industrial Relations Journal 44(5–6): 566–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. EHRC. 2009. Equalities and procurement research summary. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
  16. EHRC. 2012. The essential guide to the public sector equality duty. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
  17. EHRC. 2013. Buying better outcomes: Mainstreaming equality considerations in procurement. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
  18. Eisenberg, S. 2004. Still waiting after all these years: Women in the US construction industry. In Women in construction, ed. L. Clarke, E.F. Pedersen, E. Michielsens, B. Susman, and C. Wall, 188–201. Brussels: CLR/Reed Business Information.Google Scholar
  19. English, J., and P. Hay. 2015. Black South African women in construction: Cues for success. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 13(1): 144–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Frank, M. 2014. Out in the union: A labor history of Queer America. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
  21. Griffin Cohen, M., and K. Braid. 2000. Training and equity initiatives on the British Columbia Vancouver Island highway project: A model for large-scale construction projects. Labor Studies Journal (Fall): 70–103.Google Scholar
  22. Heckl, E., and I. Pecher. 2012. WIR – Women In Rail Good Practices and Implementation Guide. Brussels, Community of Railway and Infrastructure Companies (CER), the European Rail Infrastructure Managers (EIM) and the European Transport Workers’ Federation (ETF).Google Scholar
  23. Horwitz, F.M., and H. Jain. 2011. An assessment of employment equity and broad based black economic empowerment developments in South Africa. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 30(4): 297–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. LDA. 2007a. London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games: The employment and skills legacy. London: London Development Agency.Google Scholar
  25. LDA. 2007b. The London development agency gender equality scheme 2007–2010. London: London Development Agency.Google Scholar
  26. Lingard, H., and V. Francis. 2005. The decline of the ‘traditional’ family: Work-life benefits as a means of promoting a diverse workforce in the construction industry of Australia. Construction Management & Economics 23(10): 1045–1057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Lingard, H.C., V. Francis, and M. Turner. 2010. The rhythms of project life: A longitudinal analysis of work hours and work-life experiences in construction. Construction Management & Economics 28(10): 1085–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Lopes, A., S. Durbin, J. Neugebauer, and S. Warren. 2015. Mentoring professional women in aviation and aerospace. Bristol: Centre for Employment Studies Research, University of the West of England.Google Scholar
  29. Macdonald, A. 2014. “Not for people like me?” Under-represented groups in science, technology and engineering. Bradford: WISE.Google Scholar
  30. MacLean, N. 1999. The hidden history of affirmative action: Working women’s struggles in the 1970s and the gender of class. Feminist Studies 25(1): 43–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. MacLean, N. 2006. Freedom is not enough: The opening of the American workplace. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  32. McCrudden, C. 2007. Equality legislation and reflexive regulation: A response to the discrimination law review’s consultative paper. Industrial Law Journal 36(3): 255–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. McCrudden, C. 2011. Procurement and the public sector equality duty: Lessons for the implementation of the Equality Act 2010 from Northern Ireland? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 11(1/2): 85–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Moccio, F.A. 2009. Live wire: Women and brotherhood in the electrical industry. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
  35. Moir, S., M. Thomson, and C. Kelleher. 2011. Unfinished business: Building equality for women in the construction trades. Boston, MA: Labor Resource Center.Google Scholar
  36. National Women’s Law Center. 2014. Women in construction: Still breaking ground. Washington, DC: NWLC.Google Scholar
  37. Nelson, J. 2014. Women and manual trades – A personal story and how we all need to be a bit more bothered. In Building the future: Women in construction, ed. M. Munn, 29–36. London: The Smith Institute.Google Scholar
  38. ODA. 2007. Equality and diversity strategy. London: Olympic Delivery Authority.Google Scholar
  39. Perkins, J. 2013. Professor John Perkins’ review of engineering skills. London: Department for Business Innovation and Skills.Google Scholar
  40. Peters, J., and M. Allison. 2011. Equality and diversity: Good practice for the construction sector. London: Equality and Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
  41. Price, V. 2002. Race, affirmative action, and women’s employment in US highway construction. Feminist Economics 8(2): 87–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Price, V. 2004. Support for women’s employment in the building trades: Affirmative action and the Century Freeway in Los Angeles. In Women in construction, ed. L. Clarke, E.F. Pedersen, E. Michielsens, B. Susman, and C. Wall, 206–213. Brussels: CLR/Reed Business Information.Google Scholar
  43. Project WISE. 2012. Women employment in urban public transport sector. Cologne, Germany: VDV-Akademie e.V.Google Scholar
  44. Raco, M. 2014. Delivering flagship projects in an era of regulatory capitalism: State-led privatization and the London Olympics 2012. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38(1): 176–197.Google Scholar
  45. Thrush, C., and L. Martins. 2011. Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project: Targeted approaches to equality and inclusion. London: Olympic Delivery Authority.Google Scholar
  46. TUC. 2014. TUC equality audit 2014: Improving representation and participation in trade unions. London: Trades Union Congress.Google Scholar
  47. UCATT. 2015. Blacklisting and public procurement: A guide for UCATT members. London: Union of Construction, Allied Trades & Technicians.Google Scholar
  48. Unite. 2015. Thinking about an apprenticeship? Women who work in Engineering and Science talk about their jobs. London: Unite the Union, www.unitetheunion.org.Google Scholar
  49. Wall, C. 2004. ‘Any woman can’: 20 years of campaigning for access to construction training and employment. In Women in construction, ed. L. Clarke, E.F. Pedersen, E. Michielsens, B. Susman, and C. Wall, 158–172. Brussels: CLR/Reed Business Information.Google Scholar
  50. Women’s Engineering Society. 2014. Impact assessment of national women in engineering day 2014. Stevenage: Herts.Google Scholar
  51. Wright, T. 2011. Tackling gender segregation in the UK transport and construction sectors: Recent initiatives and procurement strategies. In Gower handbook of discrimination at work, ed. T. Wright and H. Conley, 293–307. Farnham, Surrey: Gower Publishing.Google Scholar
  52. Wright, T. 2013. Promoting employment equality through public procurement: Report of a workshop held by the centre for research in equality and diversity. Queen Mary: University of London.Google Scholar
  53. Wright, T. 2014. The women into construction project: An assessment of a model for increasing women’s participation in construction, Centre for Research in Equality and Diversity. Queen Mary: University of London.Google Scholar
  54. Wright, T. 2015. Can ‘social value’ requirements on public authorities be used in procurement to increase women’s participation in the UK construction industry? Public Money & Management 35: 135–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Tessa Wright
    • 1
  1. 1.School of Business and ManagementQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK

Personalised recommendations