The Mechanisms of Control, Affiliation and Self-expression

  • Velibor Bobo Kovač
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

The main theme in this chapter centres on the conceptual difference between psychological processes and the underlying mechanisms that propel these processes. The chapter starts with a brief historical overview and recognises the existence of the one single mechanism that throughout the past has repeatedly tended to rise to the surface, admittedly in different forms. This mechanism is called balanced dual tension. The chapter further includes a discussion on the possibility that there are distinct kinds of balanced dual tension that are characteristic for each of the three previously mentioned motivational systems. It ends with a summary of the arguments and suggests that further analyses of balanced dual tension are worth exploring in terms of advancements in the field of motivation.

Keywords

Intrinsic Motivation Motivational System Human Existence Tension Reduction External Reality 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Adler, A. (1979/1933). Superiority and social interest: Collection of later writings. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
  2. Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of will. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students’ learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 260–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22, 162–186.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Brehm, J. W. (1993). Control, its loss, and psychological reactance. In G. Weary, F. Gleicher, & K. L. Marsh (Eds.), Control motivation and social cognition (pp. 3–30). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Brewer, M. B., & Pickett, C. L. (1999). Distinctiveness motives as a source of the social self. In T. R. Tyler, R. M. Kramer, & O. P. John (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 71–87). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
  10. Bronfenbrenner, U. (2009). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  11. Cannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
  12. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752–766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Davis, W. A. (1984). The two senses of desire. Philosophical Studies, 45, 181–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinstic motivation. New York/London: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Epstein, S. (1991). Cognitive-experiential self-theory: An integrative theory of personality. In R. Curtis (Ed.), The self with others: Convergences in psychoanalytical, social, and personality psychology (pp. 111–137). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  21. Faulkner, W. (1939). The wild palms. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
  22. Fazio, R. H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 204–243). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
  23. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
  24. Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4, 132–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Freud, S. (1893). In J. Strachey (Ed.), Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (2nd ed.). London: Hogarth Press.Google Scholar
  26. Fromm, E. (1956). The art of loving. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
  27. Heider, F. (1958). Perceiving the other person. In R. Tagiuri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior (pp. 22–26). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
  28. Hull, C. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
  29. Hume, D. (1888/1739). A treatise of human nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  30. Kagan, J. (1972). Motives and development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 51–66.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  31. Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Google Scholar
  32. Kovač, V. B. (2012). “Pairing incompatibles”: The cooperative contributions of desires, automaticity, and explicit cognitions in self-regulatory failures of addictive behaviors. In A. M. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research, Volume 94 (pp. 55-79). New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar
  33. Kovač, V. B. (2013). The more the “merrier”: A multi-sourced model of addiction. Addiction Research & Theory, 21, 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw- Hill.Google Scholar
  35. Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the “field at a given time”. Psychological Review, 50, 292–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Lorenz, K. (1937/1957). The conception of instinctive behavior. In C. H. Schiller (Ed. and Trans.), Instinctive behavior (pp. 129–175). New York: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
  37. Lorenz, K. Z. (1950). The comparative method in studying innate behavior patterns. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 4, 221–268.Google Scholar
  38. Mahler, M., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  39. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
  41. McClelland, D. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  42. McDougall, W. (1923). An outline of psychology. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
  43. Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 1, 3–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Murray, H. A. (1938). Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  45. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123–205). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
  46. Piaget, J. (1977). The development of thought: Equilibration of cognitive structures. New York: The Viking Press.Google Scholar
  47. Rachlin, H. (2000). The science of self-control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  48. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy: Its current practices, implications, and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
  49. Rousseau, J. J. (1755/1967). The social contract and a discourse on the origin of inequality. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
  50. Shaver, P. R., & Mikulciner, M. (2007). Attachment theory and research: Core concepts, basic principles, conceptual bridges. In A. W. Kruglanski & T. E. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 650–677). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
  51. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 1–36). Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
  52. Sloman, S. A. (1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 3–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Solomon, R. L. (1980). The opponent-process theory of acquired motivation: The costs of pleasure and the benefits of pain. American Psychologist, 35, 691–712.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Solomon, R. L., & Corbit, J. D. (1974). An opponent-process theory of motivation: 1.Temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review, 81, 119–145.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  57. Thompson, S. C. (1993). Naturally occurring perceptions of control: A model of bounded flexibility. In G. Weary, F. Gleicher, & K. L. Marsh (Eds.), Control motivation and social cognition (pp. 74–93). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Tinbergen, N. (1951). The study of instinct. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  59. Triandis, H. C. (1977). Interpersonal behaviour. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.Google Scholar
  60. Vallerand, R. J., Mageau, G. A., Ratelle, C., Léonard, M., Blanchard, C., Koestner, R., et al. (2003). Les Passions de l’Âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 756–767.CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Vansteenkiste, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2013). On psychological growth and vulnerability: Basic psychological need satisfaction and need frustration as a unifying principle. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 23, 263–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  • Velibor Bobo Kovač
    • 1
  1. 1.University of AgderKristiansandNorway

Personalised recommendations