Abstract
This study has stressed that the identities of places are inextricably linked with the moments in which they are perceived, and many of the chronotopes that I have been considering, among them the zoo, the botanical garden and the global city, provide striking evidence of how places evolve through time. And, although the trajectories that these sites have followed are far from uniform, their evolution has characteristically involved a progression from being seen through the lenses of colonial allegory, in which places were, and sometimes still are, assigned fixed, ‘authentic’ meanings, towards formations shaped by mobility, migration and multiplicity. Similarly, notions of identity have shifted from singular, originary conceptions of self towards an awareness that subjectivity exists in cognitively plural environments. As Stuart Hall puts it:
Keywords
Global City Middle Passage Travel Writing Atlantic Slave Trade Archaeological ExpeditionBibliography
- Brathwaite, K. (1973) The Arrivants, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Friedman, S. (2015) Planetary Modernisms: Provocations on Modernity Across Time, New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ghosh, A. (1992a) In An Antique Land, London: Granta.Google Scholar
- Ghosh, A. (1992b) ‘The Slave of MS. H. 6’, Subaltern Studies, 7: Writings on South Asian History and Society, ed. P. Chatterjee and G. Pandey, Delhi: Oxford University Press: 159–220.Google Scholar
- Ghosh, A. (1994) In An Antique Land, New York: Vintage New Departures.Google Scholar
- Ghosh, A. (2008) Sea of Poppies, London: John Murray.Google Scholar
- Gilroy, P. (1993) The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness, London: Verso.Google Scholar
- Grewal, I. (1996) Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire, and the Cultures of Travel, Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hall, S. (1995) ‘New Cultures for Old’, in A Place in the World? Places, Cultures and Globalization, ed. D. Massey and P. Jess, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 175–213.Google Scholar
- JanMohamed, A. (1985) ‘The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature’, Critical Inquiry 12,1: 59–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Khair, T. et al., eds (2006) Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing, Oxford: Signal Books.Google Scholar
- Kincaid, J. (2000) My Garden (Book):, London: Vintage.Google Scholar
- Kroetsch, R. (1975) Badlands, Toronto: New Press.Google Scholar
- Lamming, G. (1972) Natives of My Person, London: Longman.Google Scholar
- Massey, D. (1994) Space, Place and Gender, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Nichols, G. (1983) i is a long-memoried woman, London: Karnak House.Google Scholar
- Ondaatje, M. (1982) Running in the Family, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart.Google Scholar
- Phillips, C. (2000) The Atlantic Sound, London: Faber.Google Scholar
- Said, E. (1985) Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient [1978], Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
- Spivak, G. (2003) Death of a Discipline, New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
- Subramani (2001) ‘The Oceanic Imaginary’, The Contemporary Pacific, 13, 1: 149–62.Google Scholar
- Walcott, D. (1980) ‘The Schooner Flight’, in The Star-Apple Kingdom, London: Jonathan Cape: 3–20.Google Scholar
- Wendt, A. (1993) ‘Towards a New Oceania’ [1976], in Readings in Pacific Literature, ed. P. Sharrad, Wollongong: New Literatures Research Centre, University of Wollongong: 9–19.Google Scholar