Studying Relations Among International Organizations in World Politics: Core Concepts and Challenges

  • Rafael Biermann
  • Joachim A. Koops
Chapter
First Online:

Abstract

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the main definitions, dimensions, and processes of inter-organizational relations and outlines major concepts required for understanding and analyzing inter-organizational relations in world politics. The chapter is divided into seven sections. After a general introduction, Section 2 clarifies major definitions of the concept (both our understanding of ‘inter-organizational relations’ and of ‘international organizations’), contrasting this with the prevalent ‘regime interaction’ approach; the section also explores different dimensions of inter-organizational relations, such as degrees of formalization or Secretariat and field perspectives. Section 3 explains the growth of interaction among international organizations since 1945, pointing in particular to the proliferation of international organizations, their task expansion, issue-linkage, and political shocks as causal factors; the section also elucidates major stimuli for individual organizations to cooperate. Section 4 focuses on cooperation and competition among organizations, adding some considerations about the management of relations. Section 5 is supposed to open the door for analyses investigating systematically the effectiveness of inter-organizational relations, while Section 6 flags up major theoretical and methodological challenges for students of inter-organizational relations. Finally, Section 7 introduces the approach and structure of this Handbook.

Keywords

Global Governance World Politics Policy Field Boundary Spanner Resource Dependence Theory 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

Bibliography

  1. Aggarwal, V. and Fogarty, E. (eds.) (2004) EU Trade Strategies: Regionalism and Globalism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  2. Aiken, M. and Hage, J. (1968) ‘Organizational interdependence and intraorganizational structure’, American Sociological Review, 33, 912–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Akinbode, I. A. and Clark, R. C. (1976) ‘A Framework for Analyzing Interorganizational Relationships’, Human Relations, 29:2, 101–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Alter, K. J. and Meunier, S. (2009) ‘The Politics of International Regime Complexity Symposium’, Perspectives on Politics 7:1, 13–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Alexander, E. R., (1995) How Organizations Act Together: Interorganizational Coordination in Theory and Practice, Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach Publishers.Google Scholar
  6. Archer, C. (2001) International Organizations, 3rd edition, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  7. Archer, C., Granger, G. P. and Ordes, K. (2001) International Organizations: A Comparative Approach to the Management of Cooperation, Westport: Praeger Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Axelrod, R. (1984) The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
  9. Barnett, M. and Finnemore, M. (2004) Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  10. Betts, A. (ed., 2011) Global Migration Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  11. Biermann, R. (2007) ‘Rivalry Among International Organizations. Bringing Power Back In’, Paper presented at the Pan-European Conference of the Standing Group on International Relations in Europe, Turino, 14 September.Google Scholar
  12. Biermann, R. (2008) ‘Towards a Theory of Inter-organizational Networking: The Euro-Atlantic Security Institutions Interacting’, Review of International Organizations, 3(2), 151–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Biermann, R. (2009) ‘Interorganizationalism in Theory and Practice’, in Koops, J. (ed.) Military Crisis Management: The Challenge of Effective Interorganizationalism - Special Issue of Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 62:3, 7–12.Google Scholar
  14. Biermann, R. (2011) ‘Inter-Organizational Relations: An Emerging Research Program’, in: Reinalda, B. (ed.) The Ashgate Research Companion to Non-State Actors, London: Ashgate, 173–84.Google Scholar
  15. Biermann, R. (2014) ‘NATO’s Troubled Relations with Partner Organizations. A Resource Dependence Explanation’, in: Mayer, S. (ed.) NATO’s Post-Cold Bureaucracy and the Changing Provision of Security, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 215–34.Google Scholar
  16. Biermann, R. (2015) ‘Designing Cooperation among International Organizations. Autonomy Concerns, the Dual Consensus Rule, and Cooperation Failure’, Journal of International Organization Studies, 6:2, 45–66.Google Scholar
  17. Boutros-Ghali, Boutros 1992, An Agenda for Peace. Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and peacekeeping, Report of the Secretary-General, 17 June 1992, available at http://www.cfr.org/peacekeeping/report-un-secretary-general-agenda-peace/p23439, date accessed 14 November 2015.
  18. Boutros-Ghali, B. (1992) An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, A/47/277 - S/24111, available online at http://www.un-documents.net/a47-277.htm, date accessed 19 September 2016.Google Scholar
  19. Boxenbaum, E. and Jonsson, S. (2008) ‘Isomorphism, Diffusion and Decoupling’, in: Royston Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Suddaby, R. and Sahlin, K. (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, London: SAGE, 78–98.Google Scholar
  20. Bourantonis, D. and Blavoukos, S. (eds., 2010) The EU’s Presence in International Organizations, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  21. Bretherton, C. and Vogler, J. (2006) The European Union as a Global Actor, 2nd ed., Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
  22. Brown, S., Cornell, N. W., Fabian, L. L. and Weiss, E. B. (1977) Regimes for the Ocean, Outer Space and Weather, Washington D.C.: Brookings.Google Scholar
  23. Campbell, J. P. (1977) ‘On the Nature of Organizational Effectiveness’, in: Goodman, P. S. and Pennings, J. M. (eds.), New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jessey-Bass, 13–55.Google Scholar
  24. Chandler, D. (2007) ‘The security-development nexus and the rise of ‘anti-foreign policy’, Journal of International Relations and Development, 10, 362–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Claude, I. L. (1956) Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization, New York: Random House.Google Scholar
  26. Cleaver, G. and May, R. (1995) ‘Peacekeeping: The African Dimension’, Review of African Political Economy, 22, no. 66, 485–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe – CSCE (1992), CSCE Helsinki Document 1992, The Challenges of Change.Google Scholar
  28. Cosgrove, C. and Twitchett, K. J. (eds., 1970) The new international actors: The United Nations and the European Economic Community, London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
  29. Cox, R. W. (1969) ‘The Executive Head: An Essay on Leadership in International Organization’, International Organization 23, 205–230.Google Scholar
  30. Cox, R. W. and Jacobsen, H. K. (eds., 1973) The Anatomy of Influence. Decision Making in International Organization, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
  31. Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds., 2008) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  32. Crossan, M., Lane H., C. and White, R. (1999) ‘An organizational learning framework: from intuition to institution’, The Academy of Management Review, 24, 3, 522–37.Google Scholar
  33. Dacin, M. T., Oliver, C., and Roy, J. (2007) ‘The legitimacy of strategic alliances: An institutional perspective’, Strategic Management Journal, 28, 169–187.Google Scholar
  34. De Coning, C. and Friis, K. (2011) ‘Coherence and Coordination: The Limits of the Comprehensive Approach’, Journal of International Peacekeeping, 15, 243–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Deephouse, D. L. and Suchman, M. (2008) ‘Legitimacy in Organizational Institutionalism’, in: Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Sahlin, K. and Suddaby, R. (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, London: SAGE, 49–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Denton, J. (1998) Organisational Learning and Effectiveness, London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
  37. Diehl, P. F. and Goertz, G. (2001) War and Peace in International Rivalry, Michigan: Michigan University PressGoogle Scholar
  38. Diehl P., Ku, C. and Zamora, D. (2007) ‘The Dynamics of International Law: The Interaction of Normative and Operating Systems’, in: Simmons, B. A. and Steinberg, R. H. (eds.) International Law and International Relations: An International Organization Reader, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 426–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Diehl, P.F. and Druckman, D. (2015) ‘Evaluating Peace Operations’, in Koops, J.A., Macqueen, N., Tardy, T. and Williams, P.D. (eds.) Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 93–112.Google Scholar
  40. Drieskens, E. and Van Schaik, L. (eds., 2014) The EU and Effective Multilateralism: Internal and External Reform Practices, London: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
  41. Duverger, M. (1972) The Study of Politics, London: Thomas Nelson.Google Scholar
  42. Emerson, R. M. (1962) Power-Dependence Relations, American Sociological Review, 27:1, 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Ellis, D. C. (2010) ‘The Organizational Turn in International Organization Theory’, Journal of International Organization Studies, 1:1, 11–28.Google Scholar
  44. Evan, W. M. (1965) ‘Towards a Theory of Interorganizational Relations’, Management Science, 11: 217–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Fari, S. (2015) The Formative Years of the Telegraph Union, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
  46. Forbes, D. P. (1998) ‘Measuring the Unmeasurable: Empirical Studies of Nonprofit Organization Effectiveness from 1977 to 1997’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27:2, 183–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Franke, B. (2008) ‘Africa's Evolving Security Architecture and the Concept of Multilayered Security Communities’, Cooperation and Conflict, 43: 313–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Franke, B. (2009) ‘EU-AU Cooperation in Cpapcity-Building’, in: Koops, J. A. (ed) Military Crisis Management: The Challenge of Interorganizationalism, Studia Diplomatica, Brussels: Egmont Institute, 69–74.Google Scholar
  49. Galaskiewicz, J. (1979) Exchange Networks and Community Politics, California: SAGE.Google Scholar
  50. Galaskiewicz, J. (1985) ‘Interorganizational Relations’, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol 11., 281–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Gehring, T. and Oberthür, S. (2009) ‘The Causal Mechanisms of Interaction between International Institutions’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 15 (1), 125–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  52. Gelot, L. (2012) Legitimacy, Peace Operations and Global Security: the African Union-United Nations Partnership in Darfur, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  53. Gordenker, L. and Saunders, P. R. (1978) ‘Organization Theory and International Organization’, in: Taylor, P. and Groom, A. J. R. (eds.) International Organization: A Conceptual Approach, London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
  54. Goodman, P. S. and Pennings, J. M. (eds.), 1977 New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jessey-Bass.Google Scholar
  55. Gray, B. (2008) ‘Intervening to Improve Inter-organizational Relationships’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 664–90.Google Scholar
  56. Graham, K. and Felicio, T. (2006) Regional Security and Global Governance, Brussels: VUBPress.Google Scholar
  57. Grieco, J. M. (1990) Cooperation among Nation: Europe, America, and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  58. Gutner, T. and Thompson, A. (2010) ‘The Politics of IO Performance: A framework,’ Review of International Organizations 5, 227–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Guetzkow, H. (1966) ‘Relations among organization’, in: Bowers, R. (ed.) Studies on Behavior in Organizations, Athens: University of Georgia Press, 13–44.Google Scholar
  60. Haas, E. B. (1983) ‘Words can hurt you; or, who said what to whom about regimes’, in: Krasner, S. D. (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 23–59.Google Scholar
  61. Haas, E. B. (2004) ‘Introduction: Institutionalism or Constructivism ?’, in: Haas, E. B. (ed.) The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950–1957, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, xiii – lvi.Google Scholar
  62. Haas, E. B., Keohane, R. O. and Levy, M. A. (eds., 1993) Institutions for the earth: Sources for Effective International Environmental Protection, Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  63. Halperin, M. H. (1974) Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
  64. Hanf, K. and Scharpf, F. W. (eds., 1978) Interorganizational Policy Making. Limits to Coordination and Central Control, London: SAGE.Google Scholar
  65. Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J (1977) ‘Obstacles to Comparative Studies’, in: Goodman, P. S. and Pennings, J. M. (eds.), New Perspectives on Organizational Effectiveness, San Francisco: Jessey-Bass, 106–31.Google Scholar
  66. Harsch, M. F. (2015) The Power of Dependence: NATO-UN Cooperation in Crisis Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Hegemann H., Heller, R. and Kahl, M. (eds., 2013) Studying ‚Effectiveness‘ in International Relations, Opladen. Barbara Budrich.Google Scholar
  68. Helm, C. and Sprinz, D. (2000) ‘Measuring the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44:5, 630–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  69. Herman, R. D. and Renz, D. O. (1997) ‘Multiple Constituencies and the Social Construction of Nonprofit Organization Effectiveness’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 26:2, 185–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  70. Hofmann, S. C. (2009) ‘Overlapping Institutions in the Realm of International Security: The Case of NATO and ESDP’, Perspectives on Politics, 7:1, 45–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Hofmann, S.C. (2007) ‘Overlapping Institutions in the Realm of Security: The Case of NATO and ESDP’, in: Alter, K. and Meunier, S. (eds.) The Politics of International Regime Complexity Symposium, Chicago: Roberta Buffet Center for International and Comparative Studies Working Paper No. 3, 75–89.Google Scholar
  72. Hofmann, S. C. (2011) ‘Why institutional overlap matters: CSDP in the European security architecture’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 49:1, 101–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  73. Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., and O’Brien, G. (2005) ‘Sustainable development: mapping different approaches’, Sustainable Development, 13:1, 38–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  74. Hovi, J., Sprinz, D. F. and Underdal, A. (2003) ‘The Oslo-Potsdam Solution to Measuring Regime Effectiveness: Critique, Response, and the Road Ahead’, Global Environmental Politics, 3:3, 74–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  75. Hurd, I. (2011) International Organizations: Politics, Law, Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
  76. International Monetary Fund – IMF (2015) ‘Factsheet: The IMF and the World Bank’, Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 27 March 2015, available at https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/imfwb.htm, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  77. International Monetary Fund – World Bank (1989) ‘Concordat on Fund-Bank Collaboration – Bank-Fund Collaboration in Assisting Member Countries, SM/89/54, Rev. 1, March 31, 1989’, reproduced in: Boughton, J. M. (2001) Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979–1989 – Appendix, Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1056–62.Google Scholar
  78. Jap, S. D. and Anderson, E. (2007) ‘Testing a Life-Cycle Theory of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships: Movement Across Stages and Performance’, Management Science, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp, 260–75.Google Scholar
  79. Joachim, J., Schneiker, A. and Verbeek, B. (2015; first draft: 2009) ‘Not Always Moonlight and Roses: Cooperation, Competition, and Enmity among International Organizations’, Paper prepared for the 56th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 18–21 Feb. 2015.Google Scholar
  80. Joachim, J. and Schneiker, A. (2013) ‘Going it alone or with partners? The EU and UNSCR 1325’, Paper prepared for the 8th Pan-European Conference on International Relations, Warsaw, 18–21 September 2013.Google Scholar
  81. Jones, C. and Lichtenstein B. B. (2008) ‘Temporary Inter-organizational Projects: How temporal and social embeddedness enhance coordination and manage uncertainty’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 231–55.Google Scholar
  82. Jönsson, C. (1986) ‘Interorganization Theory and International Organization’, International Studies Quarterly, 30:1, 39–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  83. Jönsson, C. (1987) International Aviation and the Politics of Regime Change, London: Frances Pinter.Google Scholar
  84. Jönsson, C. (1993) ‘International Organization and Co-operation: An Interorganizational Perspective’, International Social Science Journal, 138, 463–77.Google Scholar
  85. Jørgensen, K. E. (2009) The European Union and International Organizations, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  86. Jørgensen, K. E., Oberthuer, S. and Shahin, J. (2011) ‘Introduction: Assessing the EU’s Performance in International Institutions – Conceptual Framework and Core Findings’, Journal of European Integration, Volume 33, Issue 6, 599–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  87. Jørgensen, K. E. and Laatikainen, K. V. (eds., 2013) Handbook on the European Union and International Institutions, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  88. Judge, A. (1978) ‘Types of International Organizations’, in UIA Yearbook of International Organizations 1978, reproduced online at https://www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs70s/typeap4.php.
  89. Jupille, J. and Caporaso, J. A. (1998) ‘States, agency and rules: The European Union in global environmental politics’, in: Rhodes, C. (ed.) The European Union in the World Community, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 213–29.Google Scholar
  90. Jupille, J., Mattli, W. and Snidal, D. (2013) Institutional Choice and Global Commerce, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  91. Kaplan, L. (1998) ‘NATO and the UN: A Peculiar Relationship’, Contemporary European History, Vol. 7, No. 3, 329–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  92. Kaplan, R. S. (2001) ‘Strategic Performance measurement and Management in Nonprofit Organizations’, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 11:3, 353–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  93. Kaplan, L.S. (2010) NATO and the UN: A Peculiar Relationship, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.Google Scholar
  94. Kalpan, L. (2010) NATO and the UN: A Peculiar Relationship, Missouri: University of Missouri PressGoogle Scholar
  95. Karns, M. P. and Mingst, K. A. (2010) International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance, Boulder: Lynne RiennerGoogle Scholar
  96. Katzenstein P., and Sil, R. (2008) ‘Eclectic Theorizing in the Study and Practice of International Relations’, in Reus-Smit, C. and Snidal, D. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 109–130Google Scholar
  97. Kegley, C. (2008) World Politics: Trend and Transformation, Belmont: Cengage LearningGoogle Scholar
  98. Keohane, R. O., Nye, J. S. (1977) Power and Interdependence, Boston: Little.Google Scholar
  99. Keohane, R. O. (2005 [1984]) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, 2nd ed., Princeton: Princeton University Press,Google Scholar
  100. Keohane, R. O. (1984) After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  101. Kissack, R. (2010) Pursuing Effective Multilateralism: The European Union, International Organizations and the Politics of Decision Making, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  102. Klijn, E.-H. (2008) ‘Policy and Implementation Networks: Managing Complex Interactions’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 118–46.Google Scholar
  103. Knoke, D. and Rogers, D. L. (1979), ‘A blockmodel analysis of interorganizational networks’. Sociology and Social Research, 64:1, 28–52.Google Scholar
  104. Knoke, D. and Chen, X. (2008) Political Perspectives on Inter-organizational Networks, in Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C., Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 441–72.Google Scholar
  105. Koch, M. (2006) Processes of Autonomization in/of International Organizations? The Case of the World Trade Organiation (WTO), Bielefeld: Institut für Weltgesellschaft (Working Paper Series).Google Scholar
  106. Koops, J. (2007) ‘UN SHIRBRIG and EU Battlegroups: Recommendation to the European Union and the United Nations’, OCGG Security Recommendation No 6., Oxford: Oxford Council on Good Governance.Google Scholar
  107. Koops, J. (2008) ‘Towards Effective and Integrative Inter-organizationalism’, in: Brockmann, K., Hauck, H. B. and Reigeluth, S. (eds.) From Conflict to Regional Stability: Linking Security and Development, Berlin DGAP Forschungsbericht, 23–31 – available online at https://dgap.org/en/article/getFullPDF/17968.
  108. Koops, J. A. (ed., 2009) Military Crisis Management: The Challenge of Interorganizationalism, Studia Diplomatica, Brussels: Egmont Institute.Google Scholar
  109. Koops J. A. (2011) The European Union an Integrative Power: Assessing the EU’s Effective Multilateralism Towards NATO and the United Nations, Brussels: VUBPress.Google Scholar
  110. Koops, J. A. (2012a) ‘Peace Operations Partnerships: Assessing Cooperation Mechanisms between Secretariats’, ZIF Policy Briefing March 2012, Berlin Center on International Peace Operations.Google Scholar
  111. Koops, J. A. (2012b) ‘NATO’s Influence on the Evolution of the European Union as a Security Actor’, in: Costa, O. and Jørgensen, K. E. (eds) The Influence of International Institutions on the EU: When Multilateralism Hits Brussels, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 155–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  112. Koops, J. A. (2013) ‘Inter-organizational Approaches’, in: Jørgensen, K. E. and Laatikainen, K. V. (eds.) (2013) The Routledge Handbook of Europe and Multilateral Institutions, London: Routledge, 71–85.Google Scholar
  113. Koops, J. A. and Tardy, T. (2015) ‘The United Nations Inter-organizational Relations in Peacekeeping’, in Koops, J. A., Macqueen, N., Tardy, T. and Williams, P. D. (eds.) Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 60–77.Google Scholar
  114. Koops, J. A. and Tolksdorf, D. (2015) ‘The European Union’s Role in International Economic Fora – Paper 4: The IMF, Study for the ECON Committee, Brussels: European Parliament, available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542193/IPOL_STU(2015)542193_EN.pdf, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  115. Koot, W., Leisink, O. and Verweel, O. (2003) Organizational Relationships in the Networking Age: The Dynamics of Identity Formation and Bonding, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.Google Scholar
  116. Koremenos, B., Lipson, C. and Snidal, D. (eds., 2004) The Rational Design of International Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  117. Krasner, S. D. (ed., 1983a) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
  118. Krasner, S.D. (1983b) ‘Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables’, in: Krasner, S. D. (ed.) International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1–20.Google Scholar
  119. Kupferschmidt, F. (2006) ‘Putting the Strategic Partnership to the Test: Cooperation between NATO and the EU in Operation Althea’, SWP Research Paper No. 3 (Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik).Google Scholar
  120. Laatikainen, K. V. and Smith, K. E. (eds., 2006) Intersecting Multilateralisms: The European Union and the United Nations, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  121. Law, D. (ed.) (2007) Intergovernmental Organisations and Security Sector Reform, Berlin: LITVerlag.Google Scholar
  122. Levine, S. and White, P. E. (1961) Exchange as a Conceptual Framework for the Study of Interorganizational Relationships, Administrative Science Quarterly, 5:4, 583–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  123. Lewin, K. (1951) Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, New York: Harper.Google Scholar
  124. Lomi, A., Negro, G. and Fonti, F. (2008) ‘Evolutionary perspectives on Inter-organizational Relations’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 313–38.Google Scholar
  125. Lotia, N. and Hardy, C. (2008) ‘Critical Perspectives on Collaboration’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham, C., and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 366–389.Google Scholar
  126. Lyall, F. (2011) International Communications: The International Telecommunication Union and the Universal Postal Union, Aldershot: AshgateGoogle Scholar
  127. Major, C. and Moelling, C. (2009) ‘More than Wishful Thinking? The EU, UN and NATO and the Comprehensive Approach to Military Crisis Management’, in Koops, J. A. (ed., 2009) Military Crisis Management: The Challenge of Interorganizationalism, Studia Diplomatica, Brussels: Egmont Institute, pp. 21–28.Google Scholar
  128. Mearsheimer, J. (1994/1995) ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 5–49Google Scholar
  129. Mingst, K. A. (1987) ‘Inter-organizational Politics: The World Bank and the African Development Bank’, Review of International Studies 13, 281–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  130. Moynihan, D. (2005) Learning under Uncertainty: Networks in Crisis Management, Working Paper No. 2005–022. La Folette School of Public Affairs, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
  131. Muntschick, J. (2012) Theorising Regionalism and External Influence: A Situation- structural Approach, Mainz Papers on International and European Politics, 2012/02. Mainz: Chair of International Relations, Johannes Gutenberg University.Google Scholar
  132. North Atlantic Treaty Organization – NATO (1991), Partnership with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, North Atlantic Council, Copenhagen, 6–7 June.Google Scholar
  133. Nooteboom, B. (2008) ‘Learning and innovation in inter-organizational relationships’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 607–34.Google Scholar
  134. Novosseloff, A. (2012) United Nations – EuropeanUnion Cooperation in the Field of Peacekeeping: Challenges and Prospects, GGI Analysis Paper 4/2012, Brussels: Global Governance Institute.Google Scholar
  135. Oberthür, S. and Gehring, T. (2011) ‘Institutional Interaction: Ten Years of Scholarly Development’, in: Oberthür, S. and Stokke, O. S. (eds.) Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 25–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  136. Oberthür, S. and Stokke, O. S. (eds., 2011) Managing Institutional Complexity: Regime Interplay and Global Environmental Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  137. Ohanyan, A. (2008) ‘NGOs, IGOs, and the Network Mechanisms of Post-Conflict Global Governance in Microfinance’, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  138. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development – OECD (2001) The DAC Guidelines: Helping Prevent Violent Conflict, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
  139. Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe – OSCE (1996) ‘Lisbon Document’, December 1996, available at http://www.osce.org/mc/39539?download=true, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  140. Orsini, A., Morin, J.-F., Young, O. (2013) ‘Regime Complexes: A Buzz, A boom or a Boost for Global Governance?’, Global Governance, A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations: January-March 2013, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 27–39.Google Scholar
  141. Osborn, R. N. and Hagedoorn, J. (1997) ‘The Institutionalization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Interorganizational Alliances and Networks’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40, No. 2, 261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  142. Pennings, J. M. and Goodman, P. S. (1977) New perspectives on organizational effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  143. Picciotto, R. (2004) ‘Aid and Conflict: the Policy coherence challenges’, in Conflict, Security and Development, Vol 4, Issue 3, pp 543–62.Google Scholar
  144. Pietz, T. (2013) ‘The European Union and UN Peacekeeping: Half-time for the EU’s Action Plan’, ZIF Policy Briefing, October, Berlin: Centre for International Peace Operations.Google Scholar
  145. Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. (2003 [1978]) The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Theory, Stanford: Stanford Business Books.Google Scholar
  146. Provan, K. G. and Sydow, J. (2008) ‘Evaluating inter-organizational relationships’, in: Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham, C. and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford handbook of inter-organizational relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 691–718.Google Scholar
  147. Raustiala, K. and Victor, D. G. (2004) ‘The Regime Complex for Plant Genetic Resource’s, International Organization, Volume 58, Issue 02, April 2004, 277–309.Google Scholar
  148. Reichard, M. (2006) The EU-NATO Relationship: A Legal and Political Perspective, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.Google Scholar
  149. Reinalda, B. (2009) Routledge History of International Organizations: From 1815 to the Present Day, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  150. Richardson, A. J. (2015) ‘The cost of a telegram: the evolution of the international regulation of the telegraph’, Accounting History, available online at http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/odettepub/84, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  151. Rittberger, V. and Zangl, B. (2006) International Organization: Polity, Politics, Policies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  152. Rittberger, V., Zangl, B. and Kruck, A. (2012) International Organization, 2nd ed., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  153. Selznick, P. (1949) TVA and the Grass Roots: A Study in the Sociology of Formal Organization, Berkeley: University of California Press/Harper & Row.Google Scholar
  154. Schimmelfennig, F. (2003) The EU, NATO and the Integration of Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  155. Scott, R.W. (2001) Institutions and Organizations, London: SAGE.Google Scholar
  156. Scott, W. R. (1998) Organizations. Rational, Natural, and Open Systems, 5th ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
  157. Sheehan, R. M. (1996) ‘Mission Accomplishment as Philanthropic Organization Effectiveness’, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 25:1, 110–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  158. Shanks, C., Jacobson, H.K. and Kaplan, J.H. (1996) ‘Intertia and Change in the Constellation of International Governmental Organizations, 1981–1992, International Organization, 50:4, 593–627.Google Scholar
  159. Simmons, B. A. and Martin, L. (eds.) (2001) International Institutions: An International Organization Reader, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
  160. Simmons, B. A. and Martin, L. L. (2002) ‘International Organizations and Institutions’, in: Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T. and Simmons, B. A. (eds.) The Sage Handbook of International Relations, London: SAGE, 192–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  161. Smith Ring, P. and van den ven, A. H. (1994) ‘Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships’, The Academy of Management Review, 19:1, 90–118.Google Scholar
  162. Smith Ring, P. (2008) ‘Theories of Contract and their use in Studying Inter‐organizational Relations: Sociological, Psychological, Economic, Management, and Legal’, in Cropper, S., Ebers, M., Huxham, C., and Smith Ring, P. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Inter-Organizational Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 502–526.Google Scholar
  163. Smith, K. G., Carroll, S. J. and Ashford, S. J. (1995) ‘Intra- and Interorganizational Cooperation: Toward a Research Agenda’, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 38, No.1, 7–23.Google Scholar
  164. Smithers, P. (1979) ‘Towards Greater Coherence Among Inter-Governmental Organizations through Governmental Control’, in: Andemicael, B. (ed.) Regionalism and the United Nations, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana, 13–70.Google Scholar
  165. Stokke, O. (2000) ‘Managing Straddling Sticks: The Interplay of Global and Regional regimes’, Ocean and Coastal Management, 43, 205–34. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  166. Tardy, T. (2009) ‘UN-EU Relations in Military Crisis Management: Institutionalisation and Key Constraints’, in Koops, J. (ed.) Military Crisis Management: The Challenge of Effective Interorganizationalism - Special Issue of Studia Diplomatica, Vol. 62:3, 43–52.Google Scholar
  167. Tardy, T. (2015) CSDP in Action: What Contribution to International Security, Chaillot Paper May 2015, Paris EU Institute for Security StudiesGoogle Scholar
  168. Thompson, J. D. (1967) Organizations in Action, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
  169. Tjemkes, B., Vos, P. and Burgers, K. (2012) Strategic Alliance Management, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
  170. Underdal, A. and Young, O. R. (eds., 2004) Regime Consequences: Methodological Challenges and Research Strategies, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
  171. Union of International Associations (2014) Yearbook of International Organizations 2014–2015, Volume 5: Statistics, Visualizations and Patterns, 51st Edition, Leiden: Brill Publishers.Google Scholar
  172. Union of International Associations (2015) What is an intergovernmental organization?, available at http://www.uia.org/faq/yb3, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  173. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development – UNCED (1992) Agenda 21, available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf, date accessed 20 December 2015.
  174. United Nations Development Programme – UNDP (1994) Human Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
  175. Vaubel, R., Dreher, A. and Soylue, U. (2007) ‘Staff growth in international organizations: A principal-agent problem? An empirical analysis’, Public Choice, 133:3, 275–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  176. Van de Ven, A. H. (1976) ‘On the Nature, Formation and Maintenance of Relationships among Organizations’, Academy of Management Review, 1, 24–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  177. Varwick, J. and Koops, J.A. (2009) ‘The European Union and NATO: “Shrewd interorganizationalism” in the making?’, in: Jørgensen, K.E. (ed.) The European Union and International Organizations, London: Routledge, 101–130.Google Scholar
  178. Waever, O. (1995) ‘Identity, integration and security: solving the sovereignty puzzle in EU studies’, Journal of International Affairs, 48:2, 389–431.Google Scholar
  179. Wallace, M. and Singer D. (1970) ‘Intergovernmental Organization in the Global System 1815–1964’, International Organization, 28:2, 239–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  180. Wallander, C. A., and Keohane, R.O. (1999) ‘Risk, Threat, and Security Institutions’, in Haftendorn,H., Keohane, R.O. and Wallander, C.A. (eds.) Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 21–47.Google Scholar
  181. Weaver, C. (2010) ‘The Politics of Performance Evaluation: Independent Evaluation at the International Monetary Fund’, Review of International Organizations, 5:3, 365–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  182. Wendt, A. (1994) ‘Collective Identity Formation and the International State’, The American Political Science Review, 88:2, 384–396.Google Scholar
  183. Wendt, A. (1995) ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, 20:1, 71–81.Google Scholar
  184. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
  185. Wouters, J., Hoffmeister, F and Ruys, T. (eds., 2006) The United Nations and the European Union: An Ever Stronger Partnership, The Hague: TMC Asser Press.Google Scholar
  186. Yost, D. (2007) NATO and International Organizations, Rome: NATO Defense College.Google Scholar
  187. Young, O. R. (1980) International Regimes: Problems of Conception Formation’, World Politics, April 1980, 331–56.Google Scholar
  188. Young, O. R. (1996) ‘Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives’, Global Governance, Vol. 2 (1), 1–24.Google Scholar
  189. Young, O. R. (1999) The Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes, Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
  190. Young, O. R. (2001) ‘Inferences and Indices: Evaluating the Effectiveness of International Environmental Regimes’, Global Environmental Politics, 1:1, 99–121.Google Scholar
  191. Yuchtman, E. and Seashore, S. E. (1967) ‘A System Resource Approach to Organizational Effectiveness’, American Sociological Review, 32:6, 891–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© The Author(s) 2017

Authors and Affiliations

  • Rafael Biermann
    • 1
  • Joachim A. Koops
    • 2
  1. 1.Institute for Political ScienceFriedrich Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
  2. 2.Vesalius CollegeVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Global Governance InstituteBrusselsBelgium

Personalised recommendations