Skip to main content

Abstract

Macfarlane, AbouZahr and Frank describe indicators that the health sector uses to measure performance against agreed targets and to compare health-care coverage and health outcomes between groups and across countries. They provide advice about interpreting indicator values and explain that the validity and reliability of indicators depends on the quality of data on which they are based—usually sourced from routine facility information systems, censuses, civil registration and surveys. The authors warn that one indicator only represents a piece of reality and that it is best to interpret them in the context of a conceptual framework. The authors observe that international agreements to attain development goals have increased pressure on national governments to report escalating numbers of indicators and that international partners are collaborating to harmonize their requirements.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Bank. Finding the missing millions can help achieve the sustainable development goals. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/finding-missing-millions-can-help-achieve-sustainable-development-goals

  2. World Health Organization. Maternal mortality in 1990–2015: Nigeria. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/maternal_health/countries/nga.pdf?ua=1

  3. Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths — United States, 2010–2015. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2016 Dec 30;65(5051):1445–52. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1

  4. Premium Times. Nigeria sets up task force to reduce maternal mortality. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/238157-nigeria-sets-task-force-reduce-maternal-mortality.html

  5. World Bank. Counting the uncounted: 1.1 billion people without IDs. [cited 2018 10th April]. Available from: http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/counting-invisible-11-billion-people-without-proof-legal-id

  6. Hall V, Lynfield R, Wright N, Hiber L, Palm J, Christensen J, et al. Infectious disease complicates opioid overdose deaths 2006–2015. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/cdc-24-7/eis-conference/pdf/Infectious-disease-complicates-opioid-overdose-deaths.pdf

  7. Scottish Government. Long-term monitoring of health inequalities report. 2014 [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0046/00461784.pdf

  8. United Republic of Tanzania. Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2015–16. Available from: http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/dhs/2015-16_TDHS-MIS_Key_Findings_English.pdf

  9. Levira F, Hildon Z, Smithson P. Burden of disease and injuries for Coastal Regions in Tanzania: 2008–11. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Ifakara Health Institute; 2014. [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: http://ihi.eprints.org/1667/1/BoD.pdf

  10. Etches V, Frank J, Ruggiero ED, Manuel D. Measuring population health: a review of indicators. Annual Review of Public Health. 2006 Apr;27(1):29–55. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102141

  11. World Health Organization. Declaration of Alma-Ata: International conference on primary health care, Alma-Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978. 2006 [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/almaata_declaration_en.pdf

  12. World Health Organization. Development of indicators for monitoring progress towards health for all by the year 2000. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1981 [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/40672

  13. Hansluwka HE. Measuring the health of populations, indicators and interpretations. Social Science & Medicine. 1985 Jan;20(12):1207–24. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(85)90374-0

  14. Pebley AR. Goals of the World Summit for Children and their implications for health policy in the 1990s. In: National Research (US) Committee on Population; Gribble JN, Preston SH, editors. The epidemiological transition: Policy and planning implications for developing countries. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1993. p. 170–93.

    Google Scholar 

  15. World Health Organization. Monitoring reproductive health: Selecting a short list of national and global indicators; WHO/RHT/HRP/97.26. 1997 [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/64008/1/WHO_RHT_HRP_97.26.pdf

  16. Mertens T, Caraël M, Sato P, Cleland J, Ward H, Smith GD. Prevention indicators for evaluating the progress of national AIDS programmes. AIDS. 1994 Oct;8(10):1359–70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-199410000-00002

  17. World Health Organization. A rapid assessment of the burden of indicators and reporting for health monitoring. 2014 [cited 2018 18th August 2018]. Available from https://www.uhc2030.org/fileadmin/uploads/ihp/Documents/Tools/M_E_Framework/Rapid_Assessment_Indicators_Reporting_report_for_WG_revised_03Mar14.pdf

  18. United Nations, Statistics Division. Millennium development indicators [cited 2018 16th January]. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Indicators/OfficialList.htm

  19. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2017: Monitoring health for the Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2017/en/

  20. World Health Organization. 2015 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators WHO/HIS/HSI/2015.3. 2015 [cited 2018 26th April]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/indicators/2015/en/

  21. World Health Organization. 2018 Global reference list of 100 core health indicators (plus health-related SDGs) WHO/HIS/IER/GPM/2018.1. 2018 [cited 2018 26th April]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259951/WHO-HIS-IER-GPM-2018.1-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7321A33C3C0658C7E7455118AB3E719A?sequence=1

  22. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2016: Monitoring health for the Sustainable Development Goals. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016 [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2016/en/

  23. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory (GHO) data. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/en

  24. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goal indicators. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: http://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/database/

  25. Gapminder. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: https://www.gapminder.org/

  26. World Health Organization, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Tracking universal health coverage: 2017 global monitoring report. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2017 [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/universal_health_coverage/report/2017/en/

  27. Hogan D, Stevens GA, Hosseinpoor AR, Boerma T. Monitoring universal health coverage within the Sustainable Development Goals: development and baseline data for an index of essential health services. Lancet Global Health. 2018 Feb;6(2):e152–e168. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30472-2

  28. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008 [cited 2018 5th November]. Available from: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/

  29. Strand BH, Kunst A, Huisman M, Menvielle G, Glickman M, et al. The reversed social gradient: Higher breast cancer mortality in the higher educated compared to lower educated. A comparison of 11 European populations during the 1990s. European Journal of Cancer. 2007 May; 43(7):1200–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.01.021

  30. Hertzman C, Frank JW, Evans RG. Heterogeneities in health status and the determinants of population health. In: Evans RG, Barer M, Marmor T, editors. Why are some people healthy and others not?. Hawthorne, New York, USA: Aldine-De Gruyter; 1994. p. 67–92.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N, Schlotheuber A, Grove J. Measuring health inequalities in the context of sustainable development goals. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2018 Jun 28;96(9):654–9. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2471/blt.18.210401

  32. Marmot M, Bell R. The Sustainable Development Goals and health equity. Epidemiology. 2018 Jan;29(1):5–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ede.0000000000000773

  33. World Health Organization. A common framework for monitoring performance and evaluation of the scale-up for better health 2008 [cited 2018 14th February]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthsystems/IHP_M&E_briefing_30_Jan_2008.pdf   

  34. United Nations Statistics Division Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators (IAEG-SDGs). Tier Classification for Global SDG Indicators. 2017 [cited 2018 26th April]. Available from: https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/iaeg-sdgs/tier-classification/

  35. Boldosser-Boesch A, Brun M, Carvajal L, Chou D, de Bernis L, Fogg K, et al. Setting maternal mortality targets for the SDGs. Lancet. 2017 Feb;389(10070):696–7. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30337-9

  36. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2015. [cited 2017 30th December]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db273.htm

  37. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increases in drug and opioid involved overdose deaths – United States, 2010–2015. [cited 2017 20th December]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm655051e1.htm

  38. Saith A. From universal values to Millennium Development Goals: Lost in translation. Development and Change. 2006 Nov;37(6):1167–99. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00518.x

  39. Donabedian A. Methods for deriving criteria for assessing the quality of medical care. Medical Care Review. 1980;37(7):653–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah B. Macfarlane .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Macfarlane, S.B., AbouZahr, C., Frank, J. (2019). Indicators for Monitoring Health Targets. In: Macfarlane, S., AbouZahr, C. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Health Data Methods for Policy and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-54983-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-54984-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics