Skip to main content

Resilience for Minority Languages

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities

Abstract

Around the world, minority languages are at risk. Dominant national and international languages are taking over more and more domains of use, and many minority communities have started to value their languages less, and use them less or not at all, even within the group. Once the process of language shift has started, it is difficult to reverse. Taking a cue from resilience thinking, which has developed over the last 20 years within ecology and in other disciplines, this chapter shows how a minority community can choose to halt or reverse language shift, reclaim their language, and achieve a new stable equilibrium for the language. Firstly, the extent of these effects and their negative impact on language shift are very briefly discussed, as well as some of the major factors in language endangerment. Then, the methods for reversing this shift and reclaiming a minority’s traditional language are briefly outlined, with some examples. Finally, some of the advantages of doing so are suggested.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The Gurkha have been recruited from various specific minority groups in Nepal to serve in military units under British officers and stationed elsewhere, usually far from Nepal, since the early nineteenth century. This has continued since 1947 with both British and Indian Gurkha forces, the latter with Indian officers. The term Gurkha is derived from the name of a town in western Nepal and the dynasty of rulers of Nepal who spread from there in the eighteenth century.

References

  • Amery, R. (2000). Warrabarna Kaurna: Reclaiming an Australian Language. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amery, R. (2016). Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian Language. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Becquelin, A. M., de Vienne, E., & Guirardello-Damian, R. (2008). Working Together, the Interface Between Researchers and Native People: The Trumai Case. In K. D. Harrison, D. S. Rood, & A. M. Dwyer (Eds.), Lessons from Documented Endangered Languages (pp. 43–66). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, N. (1989). Education, Language Decline and Language Revitalisation: The Case of Maori in New Zealand. Language and Education, 3(2), 65–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (1983). Identity: The Persistence of Minority Groups. In J. McKinnon & W. Bhruksasri (Eds.), Highlanders of Thailand (pp. 46–55). Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (2001). Language Policy for the Yi. In S. Harrell (Ed.), Perspectives on the Yi of southwest China (pp. 195–214). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (2002). Language Attitudes: The Key Factor in Language Maintenance. In Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance (pp. 1–9). London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (2010). Resilience Linguistics: Case Studies of Gong and Lisu. Anthropological Linguistics, 52(2), 123–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (2011a). Resilience Linguistics, Orthography and the Gong. Language and Education, 25(4), 349–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D. (2011b). Resilience Thinking and Language Endangerment. In B. Bai & D. Bradley (Eds.), Extinction and Retention of Mother Tongues in China (pp. 1–43). Beijing: Nationalities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D., & Bradley, M. (1999). Standardisation of Transnational Minority Languages: Lisu and Lahu. Bulletin Suisse de Linguistique Appliquée, 69(1), 75–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D., & Bradley, M. (Eds.). (2002). Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance. London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, D., & Bradley, M. (2018). Language Endangerment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenzinger, M. (Ed.). (2007). Language Diversity Endangered. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crystal, D. (2000). Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dorian, N. C. (Ed.). (1989). Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easton, C., & Wroge, D. (2012). Manual for Alphabet Design Through Community Interaction for Papua New Guinea Elementary Teacher Trainers (2nd ed.). Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, N. (2001). The Last Speaker Is Dead – Long Live the Last Speaker! In P. Newman & M. Ratliff (Eds.), Linguistic Fieldwork (pp. 250–281). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gunderson, L. H., Allen, C. R., & Holling, C. S. (Eds.). (2010). Foundations of Ecological Resilience. Washington/Covelo/London: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrell, S., Bamo, Q., & Ma, E. (2000). Mountain Patterns: The Survival of Nuosu Culture in China. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinton, L. (2001). The Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program. In L. Hinton & K. Hale (Eds.), The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice (pp. 217–226). San Diego: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ladefoged, P. (1992). Another View of Endangered Languages. Language, 68(4), 809–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2007). Encyclopedia of the World’s Endangered Languages. Abingdon/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, C. (Ed.). (2010). Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olthuis, M.-L., Kivelå, S., & Skutnabb-Kangas, T. (2013). Revitalizing Indigenous Languages: How to Recreate a Lost Generation. Bristol/Buffalo/Toronto: Multilingual Matters.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Person, K. R. (2018). Reflections on Two Decades of Bisu Language Revitalization. In S. Premsrirat & D. Hirsch (Eds.), Language Revitalization: Insights from Thailand. Bern: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Purnell, H. C. (1987). Developing Practical Orthographies for the Iu Mien (Yao), 1932–1986: A Case Study. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 10(2), 128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, K. D. (2009). Must There Be Two Solitudes? Language Activists and Linguists Working Together. In J. A. Reyhner & L. Lockard (Eds.), Indigenous Language Revitalization: Encouragement, Guidance and Lessons Learned (pp. 37–59). Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roche, G. (2017). Linguistic Vitality, Endangerment and Resilience. Language Documentation and Conservation, 11, 190–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, A. (1990). The Loss of Australia’s Aboriginal Language Heritage. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, G. F., & Fennig, C. D. (Eds.). (2017). Ethnologue (20th ed.). Dallas: SIL International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thieberger, N. (2002). Extinction in Whose Terms? Which Parts of a Language Constitute a Target for Language Maintenance Programmes? In D. Bradley & M. Bradley (Eds.), Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance (pp. 310–328). London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Engelenhoven, A. (2002). Concealment, Maintenance and Renaissance: Language and Ethnicity in the Moluccan Community in the Netherlands. In D. Bradley & M. Bradley (Eds.), Language Endangerment and Language Maintenance (pp. 272–309). London: RoutledgeCurzon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2006). Resilience Thinking: Sustaining Ecosystems and People in a Changing World. Washington/Covelo/London: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B., & Salt, D. (2012). Resilience Practice: Building Capacity to Absorb Disturbance and Maintain Function. Washington/Covelo/London: Island Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David Bradley .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bradley, D. (2019). Resilience for Minority Languages. In: Hogan-Brun, G., O’Rourke, B. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Minority Languages and Communities. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54066-9_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54066-9_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-54065-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-54066-9

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics