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Analysis of Corticosteroids

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Steroid Analysis

Abstract

The adrenal cortex is the source of a number of steroid hormones that play a fundamental role in regulating body metabolism. The elucidation of the complicated biosynthetic pathways and the metabolic fate of these hormones proceeded relatively slowly until it became possible to make reliable measurements of the concentrations of these important steroids in body tissues. Because of the complex structure of the steroids, their close chemical similarity to each other and their occurrence in low concentrations in body tissues, the development of suitable analytical techniques proved a major challenge to chemists and biochemists working in this field. Although many of these problems still exist, there has been significant progress in the clinical field, particularly because of the availability of radiolabelled and stable isotope-labelled steroids and the introduction of immunoassay (IA) methods for routine clinical biochemical analysis. The advent of highly selective separatory chromatographic methods (LC and GC) increasingly linked to mass spectrometers means that analytical methods are now available for all of the important adrenal cortical hormones, their major precursors and metabolites, and synthetic glucocorticoids. These methods have found wide application, especially in clinical research and investigation, where they have been used to elucidate the nature of many endocrine disease processes, and for diagnosis and treatment. These facts in themselves highlight the importance to the analyst of ensuring that the techniques used are as reliable as possible.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this chapter, we have tried to use the modern terminology for the steroid hydroxylases and dehydrogenases involved in biosynthesis and catabolism of the various corticosteroids discussed here. As an example, use of the shorthand term ‘CYP11A1’ (the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme) refers to the cytochrome P450 protein, which, together with the other two or three proteins involved, constitutes the active enzyme system. CYP11A1 refers, when in italics, to the gene which codes for this protein. The same nomenclature applies in a similar fashion to the other entire CYP-steroid enzyme (CYP11B1, CYP11B2, CYP17, CYP19 and CYP21). Full details of all CYPs can be found at: http://drnelson.utmem.edu/CytochromeP450.html. The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases do not seem to follow the same nomenclature in that for the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the protein is 11bHSD1 and the gene is HSD11B1.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this chapter acknowledge with gratitude the work of Professor Vivian James, who was one of the authors of this chapter in the first edition of this book. The original chapter has formed the base on which this revised chapter has been written. DBG is most grateful to Mrs. D.M. Gower for her help in preparing part of the manuscript and all the authors thank other colleagues and publishers, who readily gave permission for reproduction of copyright material.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Blood Pressure Group, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK

    Robert Fraser & Mary C. Ingram

  2. Department of Forensic Science and Drug Monitoring (Drug Control Centre) Division of Pharmaceutical Science, Kings College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NN, UK

    D. B. Gower & Andrew T. Kicman

  3. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals, 60 Whitfield St, London, W1T 4EU, UK

    John W. Honour

  4. Barts and the London, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, E1 2AD, UK

    Hugh L. J. Makin

  5. Department of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK

    Paul M. Stewart

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  1. Barts & the London School of, Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AJ, United Kingdom

    Hugh L. J. Makin

  2. Orpington, Kent, BR6 7RS, United Kingdom

    D.B. Gower

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Fraser, R. et al. (2010). Analysis of Corticosteroids. In: Makin, H., Gower, D. (eds) Steroid Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1023/b135931_5

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