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Steroid Analysis pp 163–282Cite as

General Methods for the Extraction, Purification, and Measurement of Steroids by Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract

Steroids consist of an essentially lipophilic (or hydrophobic, non-polar) cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus modified on the periphery of the nucleus or on the side chain by the addition of hydrophilic (or lipophobic, polar) groups. Although steroids are widely distributed in nature and many thousands have been synthesised in the laboratories of pharmaceutical and chemical organisations, this chapter concentrates primarily on the methodology for the analysis of steroids of biological importance to human subjects and in particular on the methods for the analysis of the very low concentrations of steroids found in human biological tissues or formed during in vitro or in vivo studies. This does not, however, imply that the techniques discussed here may not find applicability in other areas of steroid analysis. This chapter neither discusses specifically the saturation analysis techniques including immunoassay-radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzymeimmunoassay (EIA), which are explained in Chapter 4, nor the analysis of cardenolides, sapogenins, alkaloids, brassinosteroids or ecdysteroids, which present their own analytical challenges but are of less interest in a clinical context. Further details on basic principles of mass spectrometry (MS) are discussed in Chapter 2.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that Lida, T and Iida, T appear to be the same person but are spelled differently in PubMed. In the text and reference list the spelling adopted by PubMed is used. Please check both spellings in the reference list.

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Acknowledgements

The support of the NIH to CHLS (recent grants 1S10 RR017854, R03 HD045302, R03 HD39707, R01HD38940) is acknowledged. WJG acknowledges the UK Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council for financial support (grant no. BB/C511356/1 and BB/C515771/1). CHLS is grateful to Drs. Nigel Clarke and Mike Caulfield of Quest Diagnostics for describing their progress in developing MS/MS methods for routine commercial hormone measurement. The authors acknowledge the encouragement offered to them in this field by Professor Jan Sjövall at Karolinska Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Barts & the London, School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AD, UK

    Hugh L. J. Makin

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University College London Hospitals, 60 Whitfield St, London, W1T 4EU, UK

    John W. Honour

  3. Research Institute, Oakland Children’s Hospital, Oakland, California, 949609, USA

    Cedric H. L. Shackleton

  4. Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK

    William J. Griffiths

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  1. Hugh L. J. Makin
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  2. John W. Honour
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  3. Cedric H. L. Shackleton
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  4. William J. Griffiths
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Correspondence to Hugh L. J. Makin .

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  1. Barts & the London School of, Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AJ, United Kingdom

    Hugh L. J. Makin

  2. Orpington, Kent, BR6 7RS, United Kingdom

    D.B. Gower

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Makin, H.L.J., Honour, J.W., Shackleton, C.H.L., Griffiths, W.J. (2010). General Methods for the Extraction, Purification, and Measurement of Steroids by Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. In: Makin, H., Gower, D. (eds) Steroid Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1023/b135931_3

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