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Toughness of Neat, Rubber Modified and Filled β-nucleated Polypropylene: from Fundamentals to Applications

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Intrinsic Molecular Mobility and Toughness of Polymers II

Part of the book series: Advances in Polymer Science ((POLYMER,volume 188))

Abstract

This review highlights several aspects of the toughness of β-nucleated polypropylene (PP). The focus is on dynamic fracture properties, a topic which is largely documented in the literature. The role of intrinsic parameters like molecular weight, polydispersity and matrix randomization has been discussed, that of extrinsic factors like stress-state, processing conditions, test speed and temperature illustrated. Under defined conditions, the toughness is also defined by the content and spatial distribution of the β-nucleating agent. The increase in fracture resistance is more pronounced in PP homopolymers than in random or rubber-modified copolymers. In the case of sequential copolymers, the molecular architecture inhibits a maximization of the amount of β-phase; in that of heterophasic systems, the rubber phase mainly controls the fracture behavior. The performance of β-nucleated PP has been explained in terms of smaller spherulitic size, lower packing density and favorable lamellar arrangement of the β-modification which induce a higher mobility of both crystalline and amorphous phases. The damage process is accompanied by numerous microvoids, the development of which has been utilized for breathable films. Other interesting application segments are fibers, glass-fiber reinforced PP, thermoformable grades and piping systems.

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Abbreviations

α-PP:

α-modification of isotactic polypropylene

β-PP:

β-modification of isotactic polypropylene

γ-PP:

γ-modification of isotactic polypropylene

αc :

high temperature relaxation of PP (DMA)

β:

angle relaxation at 0°C of PP (DMA)

β1 :

first β-phase during DSC heat scan

β2 :

second β-phase during DSC heat scan

γ:

high temperature relaxation of polypropylene (DMA)

ε:

strain

εcav/ε:

cavitational contribution to strain

εbreak :

elongation at break

ν i :

activation volume of the element motion unit for the process i

σy :

yield stress

θ:

angle

ΔH :

melt enthalpy (DSC)

ΔH(α):

melt enthalpy (DSC) of α-PP

ΔH(β):

melt enthalpy (DSC) of β-PP

ΔH 100%(α):

melt enthalpy (DSC) of 100% crystalline α-PP

ΔH 100%(β):

melt enthalpy (DSC) of 100% crystalline β-PP

ΔH i :

activation energy of the plastic flow for the mono-activated process i

Δpy :

difference between the plateau stress and the yield stress

a :

crack length

length of the a-parameter of a unit cell

b :

length of the b-parameter of a unit cell

c :

length of the c-parameter of a unit cell

d :

displacement

dε/dt :

strain rate

dF/dt :

initial slope of the force-time curve

dK/dt :

crack tip loading rate

f(a/W):

geometrical dimensionless factor

p C :

critical pressure

t :

time

v :

test speed

w e :

specific essential work of fracture

B :

thickness

Cw p :

specific non-essential work of fracture

D w :

average particle size in weight

E :

Young modulus, stiffness

E limit :

elasticity limit

F :

force

F max :

maximum of force

G α :

growth rate of α-phase

G β :

growth rate of β-phase

G C :

critical energy release rate (LEFM)

G D :

dynamic fracture resistance (LEFM)

G ini :

initiation energy

G plast :

plastic energy

G tot :

fracture energy

H :

height of a crystalline peak (WAXS)

IS :

impact strength

IV :

intrinsic viscosity

J Id :

resistance to fracture (Integral J)

K β :

β-content

K C :

(critical) stress intensity factor (LEFM)

K D :

dynamic fracture toughness (LEFM)

L :

lateral size of lamellae

LP :

lamellar long period

M n :

number average molecular weight

M w :

weight average molecular weight

MFR:

melt flow rate

MWD:

molecular weight distribution

NIS:

notched impact strength

dNIS:

double-edged notched impact strength

PI:

polydispersity

S:

order parameter of the β-phase

T :

temperature

T c :

crystallization temperature

T db :

temperature at which ductile-brittle transition occurs

T g :

glass transition temperature

T m :

melting temperature

V c :

cooling rate

W:

width

ZC:

size of diffuse whitened zone (on broken CT specimen)

ZI:

size of intense whitened zone (on broken CT specimen)

BSE:

back-scattering electron mode

CT:

compact tension

DMA:

dynamic mechanical analysis

DSC:

differential scanning calorimetry

EPR:

ethylene-propylene rubber

EWF:

essential work of fracture

LEFM:

linear elastic fracture mechanics

PP:

polypropylene

PP/EPR:

blend of PP and EPR, ethylene-propylene block copolymer

PTT:

phase transformation toughening

RCP:

rapid crack propagation

RuO4 :

ruthenium tetraoxyde

SCG:

slow crack growth

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

transmission electron microscopy

WAXS:

wide angle X-ray scattering

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Acknowledgments

The writing of this review would not have been possible without the support of Dr. Kurt Hammerschmid (Borealis). His scientific assistance and day-to-day presence have been precious allies. Special thanks also to my colleagues DI. Klaus Bernreitner, Dr. Markus Gahleitner, Ing. Johannes Wolfschwenger, Dr. Wolfgang Neißl (all Borealis) for the stimulating discussions we have had concerning the β-topic. I would also like to point out the decisive role of my PhD stay at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL, Lausanne) as the starting point of my interest in β-nucleated systems. I therefore specially acknowledge Prof. Hans-Henning Kausch, Dr. Philippe Béguelin, Dr. Christopher J.G. Plummer and Dr. Rudolf Gensler.

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    Christelle Grein

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Hans-Henning Kausch

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Grein, C. Toughness of Neat, Rubber Modified and Filled β-nucleated Polypropylene: from Fundamentals to Applications. In: Kausch, HH. (eds) Intrinsic Molecular Mobility and Toughness of Polymers II. Advances in Polymer Science, vol 188. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136972

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