Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture pp 381–408Cite as

The Suitability of Electrode Measurements for Assessment of Benthic Organic Impact and Their use in a Management System for Marine Fish Farms

Part of the Handbook of Environmental Chemistry book series (HEC5,volume 5M)

Abstract

A management system for marine fish farms in Norway has recommended the use of simple electrode measurements of redox potentials (E h ) and pH in sediments for monitoring of environmental effects at net cage locations. In the present paper we present results of such measurements performed over 15 years at farm locations in coastal Norway. Together with other chemical analyses of sediment and pore water, the electrode measurements provided a suite of biogeochemical variables used for environmental state assessment. The impact of external control factors such as biomass, local bathymetry and current velocities on the benthic effect parameters was investigated and comparisons were made with alternative effect variables such as macrofaunal community structure. It was found that simple two-dimensional plots of pH vs. either E h or pS (= − log[ΣH2S]) maintained a high degree of discrimination between stations located at different distances from farm locations and provided a state assessment with high relevance to farm management. Compared to other methods, electrode measurements are cost-effective, applicable on a wide variety of benthic substrates and provide superior resolution in the high end of the organic enrichment gradient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Davenport J, Black K, Burnell G, Cross T, Culloty S, Ekaratne S, Furness B, Mulcahy M, Thetmeyer H (2003) Aquaculture: the ecological issues. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gowen R, Bradbury N (1987) Oceanogr Mar Biol Am Rev 25:563

    Google Scholar 

  3. Strain PM, Hargrave BT (2005) Salmon aquaculture, nutrient fluxes and ecosystem processes in southwestern New Brunswick (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brown JR, Gowen RJ, McLusky DS (1987) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 109:39

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  5. Nickell LA, Black KD, Highes DJ, Overnell J, Brand T, Nickell TD, Breuer E, Harvey SM (2003) J Exp Mar Biol and Ecol 285–286:221

    Google Scholar 

  6. Wildish DJ, Pohle GW (2005) Benthic macrofauna changes resulting from mariculture (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  7. Tsutsumi H, Kikuchi T, Tanaka M, Higashi T, Imasaka K, Miyazaki M (1991) Mar Pollut Bull 23:233

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brooks KM, Stierns AR, Mahnken CVW, Blackburn DB (2003) Aquaculture 219:355

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Brooks KM, Mahnken CVW (2003) Fish Res 62:255

    Google Scholar 

  10. Anderson MR, Tlusty MF, Pepper VA (2005) Organic enrichment at cold water aquaculture sites – the case of coastal Newfoundland (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lu L, Wu RSS (1998) Environ Pollut 101:241

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Pereira PMF, Black KD, McLusky DS, Nickell TD (2004) Aquaculture 235:315

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  13. Crema R, Prevedelli D, Valentini A, Castelli A (2000) Ophelia 52:143

    Google Scholar 

  14. Anderson E (1992) Benthic recovery following salmon farming: study site selection and initial surveys. Water Quality Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Province of British Columbia

    Google Scholar 

  15. Karakassis I, Hatziyanni E, Tsapakis M, Plaiti W (1999) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 184:205

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pearson TH, Rosenberg R (1978) Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 16:229

    Google Scholar 

  17. Zehnder AJB, Stumm W (1988) In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of Anaerobic Microorganisms. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Holmer M, Wildish D, Hargrave BT (2005) Organic enrichment from marine finfish aquaculture and effects on sediment processes (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hargrave BT, Duplisea DE, Pfeiffer E, Wildish DJ (1993) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 96:249

    Google Scholar 

  20. Morrisey DJ, Gibbs MM, Pickmere SE, Cole RG (2000) Aquaculture 185:257

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  21. Revsbech NP, Jørgensen BB, Blackburn TH (1980) Science 207:1355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Holmer M, Christensen E (1992) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 80:191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. La Rosa T, Mirto S, Mazzola A, Maugeri TL (2004) Aquaculture 230:153

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hargrave BT, Phillips GA, Doucette LI, White MJ, Milligan TG, Wildish DJ, Cranston RE (1997) Water Air Soil Pollut 99:641

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hargrave BT, Philips GA, Doucette LI, White MJ, Milligan TG, Wildish DJ, Cranston RE (1995) Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci no 2062. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Darthmouth, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  26. Weston DP (1990) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 61:233

    Google Scholar 

  27. Wildish DJ, Hargrave BT, Pohle G (2001) ICES J Mar Sci 58:469

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cochrane S (1994) Akvaplan-niva report no 631.93.320. Akvaplan-niva, Tromsø, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ritz DA, Lewis ME, Shen M (1989) Mar Biol 103:211

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  30. Johannesen PJ, Botnen HB, Tvedten ØF (1994) Aqua Fish Manage 25:55

    Google Scholar 

  31. Heilskov AC, Holmer M (2001) ICES J Mar Sci 213:427

    Google Scholar 

  32. Howe RL, Rees AP, Widdicombe S (2004) JMBA 84:629

    Google Scholar 

  33. Kaspar HF, Hall GH, Holland AJ (1988) Aquaculture 70:333

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  34. Martens CS, Berner RA, Rosenfeld JK (1978) Limnol Oceanogr 23:269

    Google Scholar 

  35. Braaten B, Aure J, Ervik A, Boge E (1983) ICES CM 1983/F:26

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lumb CM (1989) Mar Pol Bull 20:375

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lewis AG, Metaxas A (1991) Aquaculture 99:269

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brooks KM, Mahnken CVW (2003) Fish Res 62:295

    Google Scholar 

  39. Davies IM, Paul JD (1986) Aquaculture 55:93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yeats PA, Milligan TG, Sutherland TF, Robinson SMC, Smith JA, Lawton P, Levings CD (2005) Lithium normalized zinc and copper concentrations in sediments as measures of trace metal enrichment due to salmon aquaculture (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  41. Haya K, Burridge LE, Davies IM, Ervik A (2005) A review and assessment of environmental risk of chemicals used for the treatment of sea lice infestations of cultured salmon (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  42. Armstrong SM, Hargrave BT, Haya K (2005) Antibiotic use in finfish aquaculture: modes of action, environmental fate, and microbial resistance (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  43. Anon (2001) Statistics Norway, Directorate of Fisheries (www.fiskeridir.no)

    Google Scholar 

  44. Smith JN, Yeats P, Milligan T (2005) Geochronologies for fish farm contaminants in sediments from Limekiln Bay in the Bay of Fundy (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  45. Robinson SMC, Auffrey LM, Barbeau MA (2005) Far-field impacts of eutrophication on the intertidal zone in the Bay of Fundy with emphasis on the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria (in this volume). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York

    Google Scholar 

  46. Petterson K (1986) Report LIU B: 18. University of Uppsala, Sweden

    Google Scholar 

  47. GESAMP (1986) Reports and Studies No. 30. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  48. GESAMP (1991) Reports and Studies No. 47. FAO, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  49. GESAMP (1996) Reports and Studies No. 57. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  50. Anon (2004) Protocols for Monitoring the Marine Environment, British Columbia, Canada. The Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (www.gov.bc.ca)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Anon (2000) Norwegian Standard NS-9410. Available from firmapost@pronorm.no

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ervik A, Hansen PK, Aure J, Stigebrandt A, Johannsen P, Jahnsen T (1997) Aquaculture 158:85

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  53. Hansen PK, Ervik A, Schaanning MT, Johannessen P, Aure J, Jahnsen T, Stigebrandt A (2001) Aquaculture 194:75

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  54. Frogh M, Mohus A, Sagen T, Sivertsen K, Skreslet S (1984) Nordlandsforskning report no 3 (in Norwegian, English summary). Nordlandsforskning, Bodø, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  55. Frogh M, Schaanning MT (1991) Nordlandsforskning, report no 1 (in Norwegian, English summary). Nordlandsforskning, Bodø, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  56. Schaanning MT (1991) Jordforsk Report no 212.409-1 (in Norwegian, English summary). Jordforsk, As, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  57. Dragsund E, Schaanning MT (1993) NIVA/OCEANOR report OCN R-93051 (in Norwegian, English summary). NIVA, Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  58. Schaanning MT (1994) NIVA report no 3102. NIVA, Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  59. Carroll ML, Cochrane S, Fieler R, Velvin R, White P (2003) Aquaculture 226:165

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schaanning MT (1998) NIVA report no 3919–98 (in Norwegian, English summary). NIVA, Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  61. ZoBell CE (1946) Bull Am Ass Petrol Geol 30:477

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1981) Aquatic Chemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  63. Whitfield M (1972) Limnol Oceanogr 17:383

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Stumm W (1978) Thalassia Jugoslavica 14:197

    Google Scholar 

  65. Davis WR, Draxler AFJ, Paul JF, Vitaliano JJ (1998) Environ Monitor Assessment 51:259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Boulegue J (1978) Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:1439

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Schaanning MT, Hylland K, Eriksen DØ, Bergan TD, Gunnarson JS, Skei J (1997) Mar Pol Bull 33:71

    Google Scholar 

  68. Cline ID (1969) Limnol Oceanogr 14:454

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wilson BL, Schwarzer RR, Chukwuenye CO (1982) Microchem J 27:558

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Aller RC (1978) Am J Sci 278:1185

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Almgren T, Dyrssen D, Elgqvist B, Johansson O (1975) Mar Chem 4:289

    Google Scholar 

  72. Millero FJ, Plese T, Fernandez M (1988) Limnol Oceanogr 33:269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Grasshoff K, Erhardt M, Kremling K (1983) (eds) Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  74. Bågander LE, Niemistö L (1978) Estuar Coast Mar Sci 6:127

    Google Scholar 

  75. Dickson AG, Millero FJ (1987) Deep-Sea Res 34:1733

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Velvin R (1999) In: Poppe T (ed) Textbook of fish health and fish diseases. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, Norway, p 340

    Google Scholar 

  77. Skjoldal HR, Aure J, Dahl FE, Fredriksen S, Gray JS, Heldal M, Bakke T, Røed LP, Olsen Y, Tangen K, Molvær J (1997) The Norwegian North Sea coastal water. Eutrophication – status and trends. Expert Group Report. Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, Oslo, Norway

    Google Scholar 

  78. Wildish DJ, Hargrave BT, Macleod C, Crawford C (2003) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 285–286:403

    Google Scholar 

  79. Wildish DJ, Akagi HM, Hamilton N, Hargrave BT (1999) Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci no 2268. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Darthmouth, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  80. Olsgard F, Somerfield PJ, Carr MR (1998) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 172:25

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), P.O. Box 173, Kjelsaas, N-0411, Oslo, Norway

    Morten T. Schaanning

  2. Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, N-5817, Bergen, Norway

    Pia Kupka Hansen

Authors
  1. Morten T. Schaanning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pia Kupka Hansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Morten T. Schaanning .

Editor information

Barry T. Hargrave

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schaanning, M.T., Hansen, P.K. The Suitability of Electrode Measurements for Assessment of Benthic Organic Impact and Their use in a Management System for Marine Fish Farms. In: Hargrave, B.T. (eds) Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture. Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 5M. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b136019

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

search

Navigation