Abstract
Because of their characteristic living environments, marine organisms produce a variety of lipids. Fatty acids constitute the essential part of triglycerides and wax esters, which are the major components of fats and oils. Nevertheless, phospholipids and glycolipids have considerable importance and will be taken into account, especially the latter compounds that excite increasing interest regarding their promising biological activities. Thus, in addition to the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, a great number of various fatty acids occur in marine organisms, e.g. saturated, mono- and diunsaturated, branched, halogenated, hydroxylated, methoxylated, non-methylene-interrupted. Various unprecedented chemical structures of fatty acids, and lipid-containing fatty acids, have recently been discovered, especially from the most primitive animals such as sponges and gorgonians. This review of marine lipidology deals with recent advances in the field of fatty acids since the end of the 1990s. Different approaches will be followed, mainly developing biomarkers of trophic chains in marine ecosystems and of chemotaxonomic interest, reporting new structures, especially those with biological activities or biosynthetic interest. An important part of this review will be devoted to the major PUFA, their relevance to health and nutrition, their biosynthesis, their sources (usual and promising) and market.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
arachidonic acid 20:4(n-6)
- DHA:
-
docosahexaenoic acid 22:6(n-3)
- EPA:
-
eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5(n-3)
- FA:
-
fatty acid
- FATM:
-
fatty-acid trophic markers
- GC/MS:
-
gas-chromatography mass spectrometry
- PUFA:
-
polyunsaturated fatty acids
- LC-PUFA:
-
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- VLC-PUFA:
-
Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
- MUFA:
-
monounsaturated fatty acids
- NMI:
-
non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids
- NMID:
-
non-methylene-interrupted dienoic fatty acids
- PL:
-
phospholipids
- SFA:
-
saturated fatty acids
- TL:
-
total lipids
- EFA:
-
essential fatty acid
- TAG:
-
triacylglycerols
- SCO:
-
single-cell oil
References
Sargent JR (1995) Origins and functions of egg lipids: nutritional implications. In: Bromage NR, Roberts RJ (eds.), Broodstock Management and Egg and Larval Quality. Blackwell Science, Oxford, p 353
Sargent JR, Bell MV, Bell JG, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR (1995) Origins and functions of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in marine organisms. In: Cevc G, Paltauf F (eds.), Phospholipids: Characterization, Metabolism and Novel Biological Applications. AOCS, Champaign, Illinois, p 248
Pazos AJ, Roman G, Acosta CP, Sanchez JL, Abad M (1997) Comp Biochem Physiol 117B:393
Ackman RG (ed) (1989) Marine Biogenic Lipids Fats and Oils. Vol I II. CRC, Boca Raton, Florida
Rezanka T (1989) Progr Lipid Res 28:147
Christie WW (ed) (2003) Lipid Analysis, Isolation, Separation, Identification and Structural Analysis of Lipids. The Oily Press, PJ Barnes, Brigwater, UK
Hagen W, Auel H (2001) Zoology 104:313
Dalsgaard J, St John M, Kattner G, Müller-Navarra D, Hagen W (2003) Adv Mar Biol 46:227
Fattorusso E, Mangoni A (1997) Marine Glycolipids. In: Hertz W, Kirby GW, Moore RE, Steiglich W, Tamm W (eds), Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. Springer, Wien, p 215
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Mangoni A, Di Rosa M, Ianaro A (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:12 465
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Imperatore C, Mangoni A (2003) Eur J Org Chem 1433
Crul M, Mathot RAA, Giaccone G, Punt CJA, Rosing H, Hillebrand MJX, Ando Y, Nishi N, Tanaka H, Schellens J, Beijnen JH (2002) Cancer Chemotherap Pharmacol 49:287
Ackman RG (2002) Anal Chim Acta 465:175
Napolitano GE, Pollero RJ, Gayoso AN, MacDonald BA, Thompson RJ (1997) Biochem Syst Ecol 25:739
Zhukova NV, Titlyanov EA (2003) Phytochemistry 62:191
Hooper JNA, Van Soest RWM (2002) Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Kluwer Academic=Plenum, New York
Gurr MI, Hardwood JL (1991) Lipid Biochemistry: An Introduction. Chapman Hall, London, UK
Cook HW (1996) Fatty acid desaturation and chain elongation in eukaryotes. In: Vance DE, Vance JE (eds) Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, p 129
Sargent JR, Henderson RJ (1986) Lipids. In: Corner EDS, O'Hara SCM (eds) The biological chemistry of marine copepods, Vol 1. Clarendon, Oxford, UK, p 59
Kattner G, Hagen W (1995) ICES J Mar Sci 52:329
Sprecher H (1992) Omega-3 News 7:1
Sprecher H (2000) Biochim Biophys Acta 1486:219
Williard DE, Nwankwo JO, Kaduce TL, Harmon SD, Irons M, Moser HW, Raymond GV, Spector AA (2001) J Lipid Res 42:501
Henderson RJ (1999) The production of n-3 polyunsaturated faty acids in marine organisms. In: Lipid Technology. Barnes PJ, UK, p 5
Nichols DS (2003) FEMS Microbiol Lett 219:1
Nadjek M, Debobbis D, Miokovic D, Ivancic I (2002) J Plankton Res 24:494
Harvey HR, Macko SA (1997) Organic Geochem 26:531
Budge SM, Parrish CC (1998) Organic Geochem 29:1547
Budge SM, Parrish CC, McKenzie CH (2001) Mar Chem 73:285
Russel NJ, Nichols DS (1999) Microbiology 145:767
Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (2002) J Microbiol Meth 48:161
Pond DW, Allen CE, Bell MV, Van Dover CL, Fallik AE, Dixon DR, Sargent JR (2002) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 225:219
Yu R, Yamada A, Watanabe K, Yazawa K, Takeyama H, Matsunaga T, Kuranr R (2000) Lipids 35:1061
Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Dbaibo GS (1996) Handbook of Lipid Research, Vol 8, p 177
Wha Sona B, Chul Kima J, Dae Choib H (2001) Lipids 36:427
Dembitsky VM, Srebnik M (2002) Progr Lipid Res 41:315
Wu M, Milligan KE, Gerwick WH (1997) Tetrahedron 53:15 983
Kan Y, Sakamoto B, Fujita T, Nagai H (1998) J Nat Prod 61:152
Mesguiche V,Valls R, Piovetti L, Peiffer G (1999) Tetrahedron Lett 40:7473
Kan Y, Sakamoto B, Fujita T, Nagai H (2000) J Nat Prod 63:1599
Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR, Henderson J, Hegseth EN, Hop H, Okolodkov YB (1998) Polar Biol 20:41
Henderson RJ, Hegesth EN, Park MT (1998) Polar Biol 20:48
Volkman JK, Barett SM, Blackburn SI, Mansour MP, Sikes EL, Gelin F (1998) Organic Geochem 29:1163
Reuss N, Poulsen LK (2002) Mar Biol 141:423
Viso AC, Marty JC (1993) Phytochemistry 34:1521
Viron C, Saunois A, André P, Perly B, Lafosse M (2000) Anal Chim Acta 409:257
Mostaert AS, Karsten U, Hara Y, Watanabe MM (1998) Phycol Res 46:213
Cho ES, Rhodes LL, Kim HK (1999) J Fish Sci Tech 2:58–65
Marshall JA, Nichols PD, Hallegraeff GM (2002) J Applied Phycol 14:255
Khozin-Goldberg I, Zheng Yu H, Adlerstein D, Didi-Cohen S, Heimer YM, Cohen Z (2000) Lipids 35:881
Budge SM, Parrish CC (1999) Phytochemistry 52:561
Bergé JP, Gouygou JP, Dubacq JP, Durand P (1995) Phytochemistry 39:1017
Xu XQ, Beardall J, Hallam ND (1998) Phytochemistry 49:1249
Bell MV, Dick JR, Pond DW (1997) Phytochemistry 45:303
Arzul G, Gentien P, Bodennec G, Toularastel F, Youenou A, Crassous MP (1998) Potential toxicity of microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acids. In: Baudimant G, Guezennec JH, Roy P, Samain JF (eds) Marine Lipids. IFREMER, Plouzané, France, p 53
Bodennec G, Gentien P, Parrish CC, Crassous MP (1998) Lipid class and fatty acid compositions of toxic Gymnodinium and Heterosigma strains: haemolytic and signature compounds. In: Baudimant G, Guezennec JH, Roy P, Samain JF (eds) Marine Lipids. IFREMER, Plouzané, France, p 66
Mansour MP, Volkman JK, Holdsworth DG, Jackson AE, Blackburn SI (1999) Phytochemistry 50:541
Mansour MP, Volkman JK, Jackson AE, Blackburn SI (1999) J Phycol 35:710
Rezanka T (1990) J Chromatogr 513:344
Van Pelt CK, Huang MC, Tschanz CL, Brenna JT (1999) J Lipid Res 40:1501
Tanaka I, Matsuoka S, Murata M, Tachibana K (1998) J Nat Prod 61:685
Li X, Fan L, Lou Q (2002) Phytochemistry 59:157
Fleurence J, Gutbier G, Mabeau S, Leray C (1994) J Applied Phycol 6:527
Khotimchenko SV, Vaskovsky VE, Titlyanova TV (2002) Botanica Marina 45:17
Graeve M, Kattner G, Wiencke C, Karsten U (2002) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 231:67
Sajiki J, Kakimi H (1998) J Chromatogr 795A:227
Kornprobst JM, Barnathan G (1998) Recent Res Dev Lipid Res 2:371
Carballeira NM (2002) Progr Lipd Res 41:433
Barnathan G, Bourgougnon N, Kornprobst JM (1998) Phytochemistry 47:761
Smith SL, Schnack-Schiel SB (1990) Polar zooplankton. In: Smith WO (ed) Polar Oceanography, Part B: Chemistry, Biology and Geology. Academic, San Diego, California, p 527
Albers CS, Kattner G, Hagen W (1996) Mar Chem 55:347
Atkinson A, Snyder R (1997) Mar Ecol Progr 160:63
Mayzaud P, Albessard E, Cuzin-Roudy J (1998) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 173:19
Pond DW, Sargent JR (1998) J Plankton Res 20:169
Kattner G, Hagen W, Graeve M, Albers C (1998) Mar Chem 61:219
Kattner G, Hagen W (1998) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 170:203
Falk-Petersen S, Sargent JR, Lonne OJ, Timofeev SF (1999) Polar Biol 21:37
Falk-Petersen S, Hagen W, Kattner G, Clarke A, Sargent J (2000) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:178
Falk-Petersen S, Dahl TM, Scott CL, Sargent JR, Gulliksen B, Kwasniewski S, Hop H, Millar RM (2002) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 187:187
Scott CL, Falk-Petersen S, Dahl TM, Sargent JR, Hop H, Lonne AJ, Poltermann M (1999) Polar Biol 21:65
Scott CL, Kwasniewski S, Falk-Petersen S, Millar RM, Sargent JR, (2000) Polar Biol 23:510
Jones PJH, MacDougall DE, Ntanios P,Vanstone CA, Mayzaud P, Albessard E, Cuzin-Roudy J (1998) Mar Biol Progr Ser 173:149
Cripps GC, Watkins JL, Hill HJ, Atkinson A (1999) Mar Ecol Progr Ser 181:177
Cho KW, Shin J, Jung K (1999) Ocean Res 21:109
Nelson MM, Phleger CF, Mooney BD, Nichols PD (2000) Lipids 35:551
Nelson MM, Mooney B, Nichols PD, Phleger CF (2001) Mar Chem 73:53
Phleger CF, Nelson MM, Mooney B, Nichols PD (2000) Polar Biol 23:329
Phleger CF, Nichols PD, Virtue P (1998) Comp Biochem Physiol 120B:311
Phleger CF, Nelson MM, Mooney B, Nichols PD (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 124B:295
Swadling KM, Nichols PD, Gibson JAE, Ritz DA (2000) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 208:171
Litchfield C, Morales RW (1976) Are Demospongiae membranes unique in living organisms? In: Harrison FW, Cowden RR (eds.), Aspects of Sponge Biology. Academic, New York, p 183
Bergquist P (ed) (1978) Sponges. Hutchinson University Library, London
Djerassi C, Lam WK (1991) Acc Chem Res 24:69
Christie WW, Brechany EY, Marekov IN, Stefanov KL, Andreev SN (1994) Comp Biochem Physiol 109B:245
Carballeira NM, Emiliano A, Hernandez-Alonso N, Gonzalez FA (1998) J Nat Prod 61:1543
Barnathan G, Kornprobst JM (1998) Fatty acids from marine organisms: recent research developments. In: Baudimant G, Guezennec J, Roy P, Samain JF (eds) Marine Lipids. IFREMER, Brest, France, p 35
Barnathan G, Kornprobst JM (1998) Recent Res Devel Lipids Res 2:235
Carballeira NM, Shalabi F (1993) J Nat Prod 56:739
Barnathan G, Kornprobst JM, Doumenq P, Mirallès J (1995) Lipids 31:193
Carballeira NM (1997) Recent Res Develop Lipid Res 1:9
Carballeira NM, Alicea J (2001) Lipids 36:83
Barnathan G, Genin E, Velosaotsy NE, Kornprobst JM, Al-Lihaibi S, Al-Sofyani, Nongonierma R (2003) Comp Biochem Physiol 135B:297
Makarieva TN, Santalova EA, Gorshkova IA, Dmitrenok AS, Guzii AG, Gorbach VI, Svetashev VI, Stonik VA (2002) Lipids 37:75
Rodkina SA, Latyshev NA, Imbs AB (2003) Russ J Bioorg Chem 29:382
Meyer M, Guyot M (2002) Lipids 37:1109
Nemoto T, Yoshino G, Ojika M, Sakagami Y (1997) Tetrahedron 53:166 699
Li Y, Ishibashi M, Sasaki T, Kabayashi J (1995) J Chem Res (S):126
Li Y, Ishibashi M, Sasaki T, Kabayashi J (1995) J Chem Res (M):901
Carballeira NM, Medina JR (1994) J Nat Prod 57:1688
Carballeira NM, Reyes M (1995) J Nat Prod 58:1689
Carballeira NM, Reyes ED, Sostre A, Rodriguez AD, Rodriguez JL, Gonzales FA (1997) J Nat Prod 60:502
Kawakami A, Miyamoto T, Higuchi R, Uchiumi T, Kuwano M, Van Soest RWM (2001) Tetrahedron Lett 42:3335
Carballeira NM, Pagan M (2000) J Nat Prod 63:666
Nechev J, Christie WW, Robaina R, de Diego F, Popov S, Stefanov K (2002) Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 104:800
Nechev J, Christie WW, Robaina R, de Diego FM, Ivanova A, Popov S, Stefanov K (2002) Hydrobiologia 489:91
Nechev J, Christie WW, Robaina R, de Diego F, Popov S, Stefanov K (2004) Comp Biochem Physiol 137A:365
Carballeira NM, Pagan M (2001) J Nat Prod 64:620
Thiel V, Jenisch A, Worheide G, Lowenberg A, Reitner J, Michaelis W (1999) Org Geochem 30:1
Kornprobst JM, Barnathan G (2000) Recent Res Progr Lipid Res 2:371
Ayanoglu E, Kornprobst JM, Aboud-Bichara A, Djerassi C (1983) Tetrahedron Lett 24:1111
Ayanoglu E, Popov S, Kornprobst JM, Aboud-Bichara A, Djerassi C (1983) Lipids 18:830
Carballeira NM, Alicea J (2002) Lipids 37:305
Carballeira NM, Colon R (1999) Tetrahedron Asymmetry 10:3785
Soderquist JA, Rosado I, Marrero Y (1998) Tetrahedron Lett 39:3115
Quinn RJ, Tucker DJ (1985) Tetrahedron Lett 26:1671
Hirsch SC, Carmely S, Kashman Y (1987) Tetrahedron 43:3257
Van Soest RWM, Fusetani N, Andersen RJ (1997) Straight-chain acetylenes as chemotaxonomic markers of the marine Haplosclerida. In: Watanabe Y, Fusetani N (eds) Sponge Sciences–Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 3
Pham NB, Butler MS, Hooper JNA, Moni RW, Quinn RJ (1999) J Nat Prod 62:1439
Matsunaga S, Okada Y, Fusetani N, Van Soest RWM (2000) J Nat Prod 63:690
Lee HS, Rho JR, Sim CJ, Shin J (2003) J Nat Prod 66:566
Fujita M, Nakao Y, Matsunaga S, Van Soest RWM, Itoh Y, Seiki M, Fusetani N (2003) J Nat Prod 66:569
Zhao QC, Lee SY, Hong JK, Lee CO, Im KS, Lee DS, Sim CJ, Jung JH (2003) J Nat Prod 66:408
Hattori T, Adachi K, Shizuri Y (1998) J Nat Prod 61:823
Venkateswarlu Y, Srinivasa Reddy N, Ramesh P, Rama Rao M, Siva Ram T (1998) Indian J Chem 37B:1264
Lo JM, Wang WL, Chiang YM, Chen CM (2001) J Chin Chem Soc 48:821
Natori T, Morita M, Akimoto K, Koezuka Y (1994) Tetrahedron 50:2771
Li HY, Matsunaga S, Fusetani N (1995) Tetrahedron 51:2273
Koezuka Y, Motoki K, Sakai T, Natori T (1999) Recent Res Dev Cancer 1:341
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Mangoni A, Di Rosa M, Ianaro M (1997) J Am Chem Soc 119:12 465
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Mangoni A (2000) Tetrahedron 56:5953
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Mangoni A (2001) Glycolipids with immunomodulating activity from marine sponges. In: Tringali C (ed), Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources. Taylor Francis, London, New York, Chap 14 p. 557
Meguro S, Namikoshi M, Kobayashi H (2002) J Antibiotics 55:256
Hayakawa Y, Rovero S, Forni G, Smyth MJ (2003) Proc Nat Acad Sci 100:9464
Kobayashi E, Motoki K, Uchida T, Fukushima H, Koezuka Y (1998) Oncol Res 7:529
Morita M, Motoki K, Natori T, Sakai T, Sawa E, Yamaji K, Koezuka K, Kobayashi E, Fukushima H (1995) J Med Chem 38:2176
Costantino V, Fattorusso E, Imperatore C, Mangoni A (2002) J Nat Prod 65:883
Vysotskii MV, Svetashev VI (1991) Biochim Biophys Acta 1083:161
Vysotskii MV, Svetashev VI (1998) Comp Biochem Physiol 119B:73
Mirallès J, Barnathan G, Galonnier R, Sall T, Samb A, Gaydou EM, Kornprobst JM (1995) Lipids 30:459
Carballeira NM, Sostre A, Rodriguez AD (1996) Comp Biochem Physiol 113B:781
Carballeira NM, Sostre A, Rodriguez AD (1997) Comp Biochem Physiol 118B:257
Carballeira NM, Emiliano A, Rodriguez J, Reyes E (1992) Lipids 27:681
Barnathan G, Doumenq P, Mirallès J, Boury-Esnault N, Kornprobst JM (1993) J Nat Prod 56:2104
Carballeira NM, Miranda C, Rodriguez AD (2002) Comp Biochem Physiol 131B:83
Urvois PA, Barnathan G, Biard JF, Débitus C, Verbist JF (1998) Fatty acid composition of the New Caledonian gorgonian Rumphella aggregata: identification of 9-methyl-6,9-heptadecadienoic acid. In: Baudimant G, Guezennec J, Roy P, Samain JF (eds) Marine Lipids. IFREMER, Brest, p 44
Mancini I, Guerriero A, Bakken T, Zibrowius G, Pietra F (1999) Helv Chim Acta 82:677
Henderson RJ, Burkow IC, Buzzi M, Bayer A (1998) Biochim Biophys Acta 1392:309
Henderson RJ (2000) J Mar Biol Ass UK 80:311
Yamashiro H, Oku H, Higa H, Chinen I, Sakai K (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 122B:397
Jeong TS, Ahn JA, Kim YK, Bok SH, Kwon BM (1999) Bioorganic Medicinal Chem Lett 7:1481
Ota T, Chihara Y, Itabashi Y, Tagaki T (1994) Fisheries Sci 60:171
McKenzie JD, Black KD, Kelly MS, Newton LC, Handley LL, Scrimpgeour CM, Raven JA, Henderson RJ (2000) J Mar Biol Ass UK 80:311
Kawasaki KI, Nabeshima YI, Ishihara K, Kaneniwa M, Ooizumi T (2000) Fisheries Sci 66:614
Ishihara K, Murata M, Kaneniwa M (1998) Lipids 33:1107
Sato D, Ando Y, Tsujimoto R, Kawasaki K (2001) Lipids 36:1371
Inagaki M, Isobe R, Kawano Y, Miyamoto T, Komori T, Higuchi R (1998) Eur J Org Chem 129
Yamada K, Matsubara R, Kaneko M, Miyamoto T, Higuchi R (2001) Chem Pham Bull 49:447
Yamada K, Sasaki K, Harada Y, Isobe R, Higuchi R (2002) Chem Pham Bull 50:1467
Yamada K, Hamada A, Kisa F, Miyamoto T, Higuchi R (2003) Chem Pham Bull 51:46
Jeong BY, Ohshima T, Koizumi C (1996) Lipids 31:9
Pond DW, Sargent JR (1998) J Plankton Res 20:169
Viracaoundin I, Barnathan G, Gaydou EM, Aknin M (2003) Lipids 38:85
Kraffe E, Soudant P, Marty Y, Kervarec N, Jehan P (2002) Lipids 37:507
Freites L, Fernandez-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U (2002) Aquaculture 207:97
Galap C, Netchitailo P, Leboulenger F, Grillot JP (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 122A:241
Kraffe E, Soudant P, Marty Y, Kervaec N, Jehan P (2002) Lipids 37:507
Freites L, Fernandez-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U (2002) Comp Biochem Physiol 132B:453
Caers M, Coutteau P, Cure K, Morales V, Gajardo G, Sorgeloos P (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 123B:97
Soudant P, Ryckeghem KV, Marty Y, Moal J, Samain JF, Sorgeloos P (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 123B:209
Garrido JL, Medina I (2002) Analytica Chim Acta 465:409
Murphy KJ, Mooney BD, Mann NJ, Nichols PD, Sinclair AJ (2002) Lipids 37:587
Abad M, Ruiz, C, Martinez D, Mosquera G, Sanchez JL (1995) Comp Biochem Physiol 110C:109
Labarta U, Fernandez-Reiriz MJ, Perez-Camacho A (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 123A:249
Soudant P, Moal J, Marty Y, Samain JF (1997) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 215:103
Brazao S, Morais S, Boaventura D, Re P, Narciso L, Hawkins SJ (2003) Comp Biochem Physiol 136B:425
Fernandez-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U, Albentosa M, Perez-Camacho A (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 124B:309
Le Pennec M, Beninger PG, Dorange G, Paulet YM (1991) J Mar Biol Assoc UK 71:451
Pazos AJ, Roman G, Acosta CP, Sanchez JL, Abad M (1997) Comp Biochem Physiol 117B:393
Le Pennec G, Le Pennec M, Beninger PG (2001) J Mar Biol Assoc UK 81:663
Caers M, Coutteau P, Cure K, Morales V, Gajardo G, Sorgeloos P (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 123B:89
Caers M, Coutteau P, Sorgeloos P (1999) Aquaculture 170:307
Marty Y, Soudant P, Perrotte S, Moal J, Dussauze J, Samain JF (1999) J Chromatogr A 839:119
Jeong BY, Ohshima T, Koizumi C (1999) Comp Biochem Physiol 122B:415
de Moreno JEA, Moreno VJ, Ricci L, Roldan M, Gerpe M (1998) Comp Biochem Physiol 119B:631
Hayashi K, Kishimura H (2002) J Oleo Sci 51:523
Suprayudi MA, Takeuchi T, Hamasaki K (2004) Aquaculture 231:403
Takeuchi T, Satoh N, Sekiya S, Shimizu T, Watanabe T (1999) Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 65:988
Kobayashi T, Takeuchi T, Arai D, Sekiya S (2000) Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 66:1006
Hamasaki K, Suprayudi MA, Takeuchi T (2002) Suisan Zoshoku 50:333
Suprayudi MA, Takeuchi T, Hamasaki K, Hirokawa J (2002) Suisan Zoshoku 50:205
Suprayudi MA, Takeuchi T, Hamasaki, K, Hirokawa, J (2002) Fish Sci 68:1295
Lahdes E, Balogh G, Fodor E, Farkas T (2000) Lipids 35:1093
Fodor E, Jones RH, Buda C, Kitajka K, Dey I (1995) Lipids 30:1119
Cunnane SC (2003) Prog Lipid Res 42:544
Wada H, Gombos Z, Murata N (1990) Nature 347:200
Miquel M, James D, Dooner H, Browse J (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:6208
Meves H (1994) Prog Neurobiol 43:175
Xiao YF, Ke Q, Wang SY, Auktor K, Yang Y, Wang GK, Morgan JP, Leaf A (2001) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:3606
Schmidt A, Wolde M, Thiele C, Fest W, Kratzin H, Podtelejnikov AV, Witke W, Huttner WB, Söling HD (1999) Nature 401:133
Wallis JG, Browse J (2002) Prog Lipid Res 41:254
Goldberg EM, Zidovetzki R (1997) Biophys J 73:2603
Tsutsumi T, Yamauci E, Suzuki E, Watanbe S, Kobayashi T, Okuyama H (1995) Biol Pharm Bull 18:664
Wallis JG, Watts JL, Browse J (2002) Trends Biochem Sci 27:467
Napier JA (2002) Trends Plant Sci 7:51
Connor WE (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:171S
Albert, CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE (1998) JAMA 279:23
Kromhout D (1998) JAMA 279:65
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JW, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, Lichtenstein AH, Mitch WE, Mullis R, Robinson K, Wylie-Rosett J, St Jeor S, Suttie J, Tribble DL, Bazzarre TL (2000) Circulation 102:2284
O'Keefe Jr, James H, Harris WS (2000) Am J Cardiol 85:1239
Oomen CM, Feskens EJ, Räsänen L, Fidanza F, Nissinen AM, Menotti A, Kok FJ, Kromhout D (2000) Am J Epidemiol 151:999
Torres IC, Mira L, Ornelas CP, Melim A (2000) Br J Nutr 83:371
Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC (2001) JAMA 285:304
Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Rexrode KM, Albert CM, Hunter D, Manson JE (2002) JAMA 287:1815
He K, Rimm EB, Merchant A, Rosner BA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ascherio A (2002) JAMA 288:3130
Calder PC (2003) Ital Heart J 4:427
Thies F, Garry JMC, Yaqoob P, Rerkasem K, Williams J, Shearman CP, Gallagher PJ, Calder PC, Grimble RF (2003) The Lancet 361:477
Madsen, T, Skou HA, Hansen VE, Fog L, Christensen JH, Toft E, Schmidt EB (2001) Am J Cardiol 88:1139
Albert CM, Campos H, Stampfer MJ, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Ma J (2002) N Engl J Med 346:1113
Rosenberg IH (2002) New Engl J Med 346:1102
Christensen JH, Skou HA, Fog L, Hansen V, Vesterlund T, Dyerberg J, Toft E, Schmidt EB (2001) Circulation 103:651
Bigger JT, El-Sherif T (2001) Circulation 103:623
De Caterina R, Madonna R, Zucchi R, La Rovere MT (2003) Am Heart J 146:420
Dallongeville J, Yarnell J, Ducimetière P, Arveiler D, Ferrières J, Montaye M, Luc G, Evans A, Bingham A, Hass B, Ruidavets JB (2003) Circulation 108:820
Marchioli R, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Valagussa F (2001) Lipids 36:S119
Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiuseppe G, Mininni N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F, GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators (2002) Circulation 105:1897
Leaf A (2002) Circulation 105:1874
Lemaitre RN, King IB, (2003) n-3 polyunsaturated FA, fatal ischemic heart disease, and nonfatal myocardial infarction in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Am J Clin Nutr 77:319
Harris WS (2003) Am J Clin Nutr 77:279
Cobiac L, Nestel PJ, Wing LM, Howe PR (1991) Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 18:265
Radack K, Deck C, Huster G (1991) Arch Intern Med 151:1173
Appel LJ, Miller ER, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK (1993) Arch Intern Med 153:1429
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B (1993) Circulation 88:523
Toft I, Bonaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, Nordoy A, Jenssen T (1995) Ann Intern Med 123:911
Connor WE (1995) Ann Intern Med 123:950
Andreassen AK, Hartmann A, Offstad J, Geiran O, Kvernebo K, Simonsen S (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol 29:1324
Bao DQ, Mori TA, Burke V, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ (1998) Hypertension 32:710
Mori TA, Bao DQ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Watts GF, Beilin LJ (1999) Am J Clin Nutr 70:817
Stark KD, Park EJ, Maines VA, Holub BJ (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 72:389
Laidlaw M, Holub BJ (2003) Am J Clin Nutr 77:37
Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJ, Lewis MJ (2000) J Am Coll Cardiol 35:265
Flaten H, Hostmark AT, Kierulf P, Lystad E, Trygg K, Bjerkedal T, Osland A (1990) Am J Clin Nutr 52:300
Norrish AE, Skeaff CM, Arribas GL, Sharpe SJ, Jackson RT (1999) Br J Cancer 81:1238
Terry P, Lichtenstein P, Feychting M, Ahlbom A, Wolk A (2001) The Lancet 357:1764
Takezaki T, Hirose K, Inoue M, Hamajima N, Yatabe Y, Mitsudomi T, Sugiura T, Kuroishi T, Tajima K (2001) Br J Cancer 84:1199
Barber MD, Ross JA, Voss AC, Tisdale MJ, Fearon KC (1999) Br J Cancer 81:80
Gogos CA, Ginopoulos P, Salsa B, Apostolidou E, Zoumbos NC, Kalfarentzos F (1998) Cancer 82:395
Kremer JM (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:349S
Volker D, Fitzgerald P, Major G, Garg M (2000) J Rheumatol 27:2343
Cleland LG, James MJ (2000) J Rheumatol 27:2305
Navarro E, Esteve M, Olivé A, Klaassen J, Cabré E, Tena X, Fernandez-Bañares F, Pastor C, Gassull MA (2000) J Rheumatol 27:298
Darlington LG, Stone TW (2001) Brit J Nutr 85:251
Mayser P, Mrowietz U, Arenberger P, Bartak P, Buchwald J, Christophers E, Jablonska S, Salmhofer W, Schill WB, Krämer HJ, Schlotzer E, Mayer K, Seeger W, Grimminger F (1998) J Am Acad Dermatol 38:539
Danno K, Sugie N (1998) J Dermat 25:703
Hodge L, Salome CM, Peat JK, Haby MM, Xuan W, Woolcock AJ (1996) Med J Aust 164:137
Broughton KS, Johnson CS, Pace BK, Liebman M, Kleppinger KM (1997) Am J Clin Nut 65:1011
Katz DP, Manner T, Furst P, Askanazi J (1996) Nutrition 12:334
Schwartz J (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:393S
Stevens LJ, Zentall SS, Deck JL, Abate ML, Watkins BA, Lipp SR, Burgess JR (1995) Am J Clin Nutr 62:761
Burgess JR, Stevens L, Zhang W, Peck L (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:327S
Stordy BJ (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:323S
Heude, B, Ducimetière P, Berr C, Study E (2003) Am J Clin Nutr 77:803
Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D (1998) J Affect Disord 48:149
Calabrese, JR, Rapport DJ, Shelton MD (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:413
Kyle DJ, Schaefer E, Patton G, Beiser A (1999) Lipids 34:S245
Severus, WE, Ahrens B, Stoll AL (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:380
Stoll AL, Severus WE, Freeman MP, Rueter S, Zboyan HA, Diamond E, Cress KK, Marangell LB (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:407
Bruinsma KA, Taren DL (2000) Nut Rev 58:98
Conquer JA, Tierney MC, Zecevic J, Bettger WJ, Fisher RH (2000) Lipids 35:1305
Joy CB, Mumby-Croft R, Joy LA (2000) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4
Richardson AJ, Easton T, Puri BK (2000) European Neuropsychopharmacology 10:189
Tanskanen A, Hibbeln JR, Hintikka J, Haatainen K, Honkalampi K, Viinamäki H (2001) Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:512
Peet M, Horrobin DF (2002) Arch Gen Psychiat 59:913
Small MF (2002) New Scientist, August 24:34
Levine BS (1997) Nutrition Today 32:248
Fidler N, Sauerwald T, Pohl A, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B (2000) J Lipid Res 41:1376–83
Olsen S,Secher NJ (2002) Brit Med J 324:1
Jensen CL, Maude M, Anderson RE, Heird WC (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:292S
Makrides M, Gibson RA (2000) Am J Clin Nutr 71:307S
Connor WE, Lowensohn R, Hatcher L (1996) Lipids 31:S183
Cunnane SC, Francescutti V, Brenna JT, Crawford MA (2000) Lipids 35:105
Carlson SE (1999) Acta Paediatr Suppl 88:72
Mitchell EA, Aman MG, Turbott SH, Manku M (1987) Clin Pediatr 26:406
Uauy-Dagach R, Valenzuela A (1996) Nutr Rev 54:S102
Pepping J (1999) Am J Health-Syst Ph 56:719
Simopoulos AP (2002) Biomed Pharmacother 56:365
de Lorgeril M RS, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin JL, Mon-jaud I, Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J (1994) Lancet 343:1454
Bartram HP, Gostner A, Reddy BS, Rao CV, Scheppach W, Dusal G, Richter A, Richter F, Kasper H (1995) Eur J Cancer Prev 4:231
Maillard V, Bougnoux P, Ferrari P, Jourdan M-L, Pinault M, Lavillonnieree FF, Body G, Le Floch O, Chajes V (2002) Int J Cancer 98:78
James MJ, Cleland LG (1997) Semin Arthritis Rheum 27:85
Heath and Welfare Canada (1990). Table 19. Summary of examples of recommended nutrients based on energy expressed as daily rates. In: Nutrition Recommendations. The reports of the scientific review committee. Health and Welfare Canada, Scientific review committee, Ottawa, 203 (H49-42=1990E)
ISSFAL (1999) Adequate intakes. International Society for the Study of FA and Lipids (ISSFAL), Devon ( http://www.issfal.org.uk/adequateintakes.htm )
BNF (2000) British Nutrition Foundation (BNF), London
IOM (2002) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, protein and amino acids (macronutrients). National Academy of Sciences, food and nutrition board, Institute of Medicine (IOM). National Academy Press (NAP), Washington, DC, 335–432
Watkins BA, Lippman HE, Le Bouteiller L, Seifert MF (2001) Prog Lipid Res 40:125
Ucciani E (1995) Nouveau Dictionnaire des Huiles Végétales. Compositions en acides gras. Lavoisier TEC&DOC, Paris (France)
Abbadi A, Domergue F, Meyer A, Riedel K, Sperling P, Zank TK, Heinz E (2001) Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:106
Naylor RL, Goldburg RJ, Primavera JH, Kautsky N, Beveridge MC, Clay J, Folke C, Lubchenco J, Mooney H, Troell M (2000) Nature 405:1017
Tocher DR, Leaver MJ, Hodgson PA (1998) Prog Lipid Res 37:73
Shanklin J, Cahoon EB (1998) Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:611
Pereira SL, Leonard AE, Mukerji P (2003) Protaglandins, Leukotrienes and essential FA 68:97
Napier JA, Sayanova O, Sperling P, Heinz E (1999) Trends Plant Sci 4:2
Napier JA, Michaelson LV, Sayanova O (2003) Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 68:135
Satouchi K, Hirano K, Sakaguchi M, Takehara H, Matsuura F (1993) Lipids 28:837
Beaudoin F, Michaelson LV, Hey SJ, Lewis, MJ, Shewry PR, Sayanova O, Napier J (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6421
Napier JA, Michaelson LV (2001) Lipids 36:761
Watts JL, Browse J (2002) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:5854
Parker-Barnes JM, Das T, Bobik E, Leonard AE, Thurmond JM, Chaung LT, Huang YS, Mukerji P (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8284
Gunstone FD (1994) Prog Lipid Res 33:19
Khozin I, Adlerstein D, Bigongo C, Heimer YM, Cohen Z (1997) Plant Physiol 114:223
Wallis JG, Browse J (1999) Arch Biochem Biophys 365:307
Qi B, Beaudoin F, Fraser T, Stobart AK, Napier JA, Lazarus CM (2002) FEBS Lett 510:159
Qiu X, Hong H, Mc Kenzie SL (2001) J Biol Chem 276:31 561
Voss A, Reinhart M, Sankarappa S, Sprecher H (1991) J Biol Chem 266:19 995
Moore SA, Hurt E, Yoder E, Sprecher H, Spector AA (1995) J Lipid Res 36:2433
Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Mooijer PA, Zhang Z, Reddy JK, Spector AA, Wanders RJ (2001) J Lipid Res 42:1987
Su HM, Moser AB, Moser HW, Watkins PA (2001) J Biol Chem 276:38 115
de Antueno RJ, Knickle, LC, Smith H, Elliot ML, Allen SJ, Nwaka S, Winther MD (2001) FEBS Lett 509:77
D'andrea S, Guillou H, Jan S, Catheline D, Thibault JN, Bouriel M, Rioux V, Legrand P (2002) Biochem J 364:49
Metz JG, Roessler P, Facciotti D, Levering C, Dittrich F, Lassner M, Valentine R, Lardizabval K, Domergue F, Yamada A, Yazawa K, Knauf V, Browse J (2001) Science 293:290
Napier JA, Michaelson LV, Stobart AK (1999) Curr Opin Plant Biol 2:123
Cho HP, Nakamura M, Clarke SD (1999) J Biol Chem 274:37 335
Leonard AE, Kelder B, Bobik EG, Chuang LT, Parker-Barnes JM, Thurmond JM, Kroeger PE, Kopchick JJ, Huang YS, Mukerji P (2000) Biochem J 347:719
Watts JL, Browse J (1999) Arch Biochem Biophys 362:175
Michaelson LV, Napier JA, Lewis M, Griffiths G, Lazarus CM, Stobart, AK (1998) FEBS Lett 439:215
Michaelson LV, Lazarus CM, Griffiths G, Napier JA, Stobart AK (1998) J Biol Chem 273:19 055
Knutzon DS, Thurmond JM, Huang YS, Chaudhary S, Bobik Jr EG, Chan GM, Kirchner SJ, Mukerji P (1998) J Biol Chem 273:29 360
Cho HP, Nakamura M, Clarke SD (1999) J Biol Chem 274:471
Napier JA, Hey SJ, Lacey DJ, Shewry PR (1998) Biochem J 330:611
Sayanova O, Smith MA, Lapinskas P, Stobart AK, Dobson G, Christie WW, Shewry PR, Napier JA (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4211
Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zähringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E (2000) Eur J Biochem 267:3801
Girke T, Schmidt H, Zähringer U, Reski R, Heinz E (1998) Plant J 15:39
Yuan L, Kirchner SJ, Mukerji P, Knutzon DS (1999) Lipids 34:649
Sakuradani E, Kobayashi M, Shimizu S (1999) Gene 238:445
Spychalla JP, Kinney AK, Browse J (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:1142
Zank TK, Zähringer U, Lerchl JE, Heinz E (2000) Biochem Soc Trans 28:654
Nichols D, Bowman J, Sanderson K, Mancuso-Nichols C, Lewis T, McMeekin, T, Nichols PD (1999) Curr Opin Biotechnol 10:240
Yazawa K (1996) Lipids 31:S297
Watanabe K, Yazawa K, Kondo K, Kawaguchi A (1997) J Biochem 122:467
Bisang C Long PF, Cortés J, Westcott J, Crosby J, Matharu AL, Cox RJ, Simpson TJ, Staunton J, Leadlay PF (1999) Nature 401:502
Heath RJ, Rock CO (2000) Nature 406:145
Allen EE, Facciotti D, Bartlett DH (1999) Appl Environ Microbiol 65:1710
Tanaka M, Ueno A, Kawasaki K, Yumoto I, Ohgiya S, Hoshino T, Ishizaki K, Okuyama H, Morita N (1999) Biotechnol Lett 21:939
Leonard AE, Bobik EG, Dorado J, Kroeger PE, Chuang LT, Thurmond JM, Parker-Barnes JM, Das T, Huang YS, Mukerji P (2000) Biochem J 350:765
Huang J, Aki T, Yocochi T, Nakahara T, Honda D, Kawamoto S, Shigeta S, Ono K, Suzuki O (2003) Mar Biotechnol 5:451
Müller-Navarra DC, Brett MT, Liston AM, Goldman CR (2000) Nature 403:74
Iida I, Nakahara T, Yocochi T, Kamisaka Y, Yagi H, Yamaoka M, Suzuki O (1996) Journal Ferment Bioeng 81:76
Yokochi T, Honda D, Higashihara T, Nakahara T (1998) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49:72
Barclay WR, Meager KM, Abril JR (1994) J Appl Phycol 6:123
Lewis TE, Mooney BD, McMeekin TA, Nichols PD (1998) Chem Aust 65:37
Vazhappilly R, Chen F (1998) Bot Mar 41:553
Singh A, Ward OP (1997) Microbial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6). In: Neidleman SL, Laskin AI (eds) Adv Appl Microbiol, Vol 45, pp 271–312
Ratledge C (1998) Opportunities for marine microorganisms for the production of polyunsaturated FA. In: Le Gal Y, Muller-Feuga A (eds), Marine Microorganisms for Industry. Actes de colloque 21. IFREMER, Plouzane, France, pp 18–25
Lewis TE, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1999) Mar Biotechnol 1:580
Ratledge C (1993) Trends Biotechnol 11:278 Circular 886 (Rev 1) 1
Sajbidor J, Dobronova S, Certik M (1990) Biotechnol Lett 12:455
Gandhi SR, Weete JD (1991) J Gen Microbiol 137:1825
Nichols DS, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1993) Antarct Sci 5:149
Jøstensen, JP, Landfald B (1997) FEMS Microbiol Lett 151:95
Watanabe K, Sezaki K, Yazawa K, Hino A (1992) Nipp Suis Gakk 58:271
Nichols DS, Hart P, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1996) Aquaculture 147:115
Lewis TE, Nichols PD, Hart PR, Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (1998) J World Aquacult Soc 29:313
Gonzalezbaro MD, Pollero RJ (1998) Comp Biochem Physiol 119:747
Erwin J, Bloch K (1964) Science 143:1006
Zhukova NV, Kharlamenko VI (1999) Aquat Microb Ecol 17:153
DeLong EF, Yayanos AA (1987) Appl Environ Microbiol 51:730
Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Nichols DS, Skerratt JS, Rea SM, Nichols PD, McMeekin TA (1997) Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:1040
Bowman JP, Gosink JJ, McCammon SA, Lewis TE, Nichols DS, Nichols PD, Skerratt JH, Staley JT, McMeekin TA (1998) Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:1171
Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR (1998) J Bacteriol 180:4765
Yano Y, Nakayama A, Yoshida K (1997) Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2572
Kato C (1999) Molecular analysis of the sediment and isolation of extreme barophiles from the deepest Mariana Trench. In: Tsujii K (ed) Extremophiles in Deep-Sea Environments. Springer-Verlag, Tokyo, pp. 27–38
Venkateswaren K, Dollhopf ME, Aller R, Stackebrandt E, Nealson KH (1998) Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:965
Ivanova EP, Mikhailov VV (2001) Microbiology 70:10
Bozal N, Montes MJ, Tudela E, Jimenez F, Guinea J (2002) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:195
Nogi, Y, Kato C, Horikoshi K (1998) J Gen Appl Microbiol 44:289
Deming JW, Somers LK, Sraube WL, Swartz DG, MacDonnell MT (1988) Syst Appl Microbiol 10:152
Yumoto I, Kawasaki K, Iwata H, Matsuyama H, Okuyama H (1998) Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:1357
Urakawa H, Kita-Tsukamoto K, Steven S, Ohwada K, Colwell RR (1998) FEMS Microbiol Lett 165:373
Nogi Y, Kato C (1999) Extremophiles 3:71
Benediktsdóttir E, Verdonck L, Sproër C, Helgason S, Swings J (2000) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50:479
Mountfort DO, Rainey FA, Burghardt J, Kaspar HF, Stackebrandt E (1998) Arch Microbiol 169:231
Nogi Y, Kato C, Horikoshi K (2002) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1527
Kawasaki K, Nogi Y, Hishinuma M, Nodasaka Y, Matsuyama H, Yumoto I (2002) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:1455
Bowman JP, McCammon SA, Lewis TE, Skerratt JH, Brown JL, Nichols DS, McMeekin TA (1998) Microbiology 144:1601
Nogi Y, Masui N, Kato C (1998) Extremophiles 2:1
Iwanami H, Yamaguchi T, Takeuchi M (1995) Nipp Suis Gakk 61:205
Watanabe K, Ishikawa C, Ohtsuka I, Kamata M, Tomita M, Yazawa K, Muramatsu H (1997) Lipids 32:975
Barbieri E, Paster BJ, Hughes D, Zurek L, Moser, DP, Teske A, Sogin ML (2001) Environ Microbiol 3:151
Ederington MC, Mcmanus GB, Harvey HR (1995) Limnol Oceanogr 40:860
Nichols PD, Nichols DS, Lewis T, Bowman JP, Skerrat JH, McMeekin TA (1998) Novel bacteria as alternate sources of polyunsaturated FA for use in aquaculture and other industries. In: Le Gal Y, Muller-Feuga A (eds) Marine microorganisms for industry. IFREMER, Plouzané, France 26–32
Russell NJ (1992) Physiology and molecular biology of psychrophilic micro-organisms. In: Herbert RA, Sharpe RJ (eds) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Extremeophiles. Blackie, Glasgow, pp 203–224
Cronan JE, Rock CO (1996) Biosynthesis of membrane lipids. In: Neidhardt FC et al. (ed) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology, p 612. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC 149–160
Fujii DK, Fulco AJ (1977) J Biol Chem 252:3660
Rawlings BJ (1998) Nat Prod Rep 15:275
Siegenthaler PA, Belsky MM, Goldstein S (1967) Science 155:93
Porter D (1990) Phylum Labyrinthulomycota. In: Margulis L, Corliss JO, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ (eds) Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett, Boston pp 388–398
Bahnweg G, Sparrow FK (1974) Am J Bot 61:754
Raghukumar S, Gaertner A (1980) Veroff Inst Meeresforsch Bremerhaven 18:289
Raghukumar S (1988) Transcr Br Mycol Soc 90:627
Honda D, Yokochi T, Nakahara T, Erata M, Higashihara T (1998) Mycol Res 102:439
Naganuma T, Takasugi H, Kimura H (1998) Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162:105
Cavalier-Smith T, Allsopp MTEP, Chao EE (1994) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 346:387
Nakahara T, Yokochi T, Higashihara T, Tanaka S, Yaguchi T, Honda D (1996) J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:1421
Yaguchi T, Tanaka S, Yokochi T, Nakahara T, Higashihara T (1997) J Am Oil Chem Soc 74:1431
Bajpai P, Bajpai BP, Ward OP (1991) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 35:706
Bajpai P, Bajpai BP, Ward OP (1991) J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:509
Li ZY, Ward OP (1994) J Indust Microbiol 13:238
Singh A, Ward OP (1996) J Indust Microbiol 16:370
Singh A, Wilson S, Ward OP (1996) World J Microbiol Biotechnol 12:76
Weete JD, Kim H, Ghandhi SR, Wang Y, Dute R (1997) Lipids 32:839
Ellenbogen BB, Aaronson S, Goldstein S, Belsky M (1969) Comp Biochem Physiol 29:805
Findlay RH, Fell JW, Coleman NK, Vestal JR (1986) Biochemical indicators of the role of fungi and thraus-tochytrids in mangrove detrital systems. In: Moss ST (ed), The Biology of Marine Fungi. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 91–103
Barclay W (1992) US Patent 5,130,242
Bowles RD, Hunt AE, Bremer GB, Duchars MG, Eaton RA (1999) J Biotechnol 70:193
Huang J, Aki T, Hachida K, Yokochi T, Kawamoto S, Shigeta S, Ono K, Suzuki O (2001) J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:605
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Naylor MW, Ruecker FA, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2001) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33:192
Barclay WR (1994) US Patent 5,340,742
Barclay W, Zeller S (1996) J World Aquacult Soc 27:314
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Robinson K, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2001) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33:356
Hammond BG, Mayhew DA, Naylor MW, Holson JF, Nemec MD, Mast RW, Sander WJ (2001) Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 33:205
Fitch Haumann B (1999) INFORM 9:1108
Narciso I, Pousao-Ferreira P, Passos A, Luis O (1999) Aquacult Res 30:21
Carter CG, Bransden MP, Lewis TE, Nichols PD (2003) Mar Biotechnol 5:480
Bull AT, Goodfellow M, Slater JH (1992) Annu Rev Microbiol 46:219
Bull AT, Ward AC, Goodfellow M (2000) Microbiol Mol Biol R 46:573
Certik M, Shimizu S (1999) J Biosci Bioeng 87:1
Becker CC, Kyle DJ (1998) Food Technol 52:68
Arts MT, Ackman RG, Holub BJ (2001) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:122
Sargent JR, Tacon AGJ (1999) P Nutr Soc 58:377
Sargent JR (1995) (n-3) polyunsaturated FA and farmed fish. In: Hamilton, RJ, Rice, RD (eds.), Fish Oil: Technology, Nutrition and Marketing. Barnes and Associates, Bucks, pp 67–94
Peng J, Larondelle Y, Ackman RG, Rollin X (2003) Comp Biochem Physiol Pt B 134:335
Bell JG, Tocher DR, Farndale BM, Cox DI, McKinney RW, Sargent JR (1997) Lipids 32:515
Ackman RG (1980) Fish lipids. In: Connell, JJ (ed.), Advances in Fish Science and Technology. Fishing News, Farnham, p 86
Viga A, Grahl-Nielsen O (1990) Comp Biochem Physiol Pt B 96:721
Pickova J, Kiessling A, Petterson A, Dutta PC (1999) Fish Physiol Biochem 21:147
Ould El Kebir MV, Barnathan G, Siau Y, Miralles J, Gaydou EM (2003) J Agric Food Chem 51:1942
Fodor E, Jones RH, Buda C, Kitajka K, Dey I, Farkas T (1995) Lipids 30:1119
Lee KH, Jeong ICH, Suh JS, Jung WJ, Kim CG, Lee BH (1986) Han'guk Susan Hakhoechi 19:423
Tritar B, Attia-Chaouch S, Hammami M (1997) Ichtyophysiol Acta 20:67
Saito H, Ishihara K, Murase T (1997) J Sci Food Agric 73:53
Bandarra MN, Batista I, Nunes ML, Empis JM, Christie WW (1997) J Food Sci 62:40
Gamez-Meza N, Higuera-Ciapara I, Calderon de la Barca AM, Vazquez-Moreno L, Noriega-Rodriguez J, Angulo-Guerrero O (1999) Lipids 34:639
Tanakol R, Yazici Z, Sener E, Sencer, E (1999) Lipids 34:291
Marquez-Ruiz G, Velasco J, Dobarganes C (2000) Eur Food Res Technol 211:13
Hilbert G, Lillemark L, Balchen S, Højskov CS (1998) Chemosphere 37:1241
Njinkoué JM, Barnathan G, Mirallès J, Gaydou EM, Samb A (2002) Comp Biochem Physiol 131B:395
Gunstone FD (2002) Market report. Lipid Technology Newsletter 8:5
Rees JF, Cure K, Piyatiratitivorakul S, Sorgeloos P, Menasveta P (1994) Aquaculture 122:193
Salhi M, Izquierdo MS, Hernandezcruz CM, Gonzalez M, Fernandezpalacios H (1994) Aquaculture 124:275
Pike IH, Barlow SM (1999) Fish meal and oil to the year 2010: supplies for aquaculture. Presented at World Aquaculture 1999, Sydney, Australia, April 26–May 2 1999, Abstract, p 603
Molyneaux M, Chong ML (1998) Food Technol 52:56
Barlow SM (2002) 2nd Seafood By-Products Conference, Alaska, USA
Mukherjee KD (1999) INFORM 10:308
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Rights and permissions
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bergé, JP., Barnathan, G. Fatty Acids from Lipids of Marine Organisms: Molecular Biodiversity, Roles as Biomarkers, Biologically Active Compounds, and Economical Aspects. In: Ulber, R., Le Gal, Y. (eds) Marine Biotechnology I. Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, vol 96. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/b135782
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/b135782
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-25659-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-31549-0
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)