Abstract
Organized assemblies of carbohydrates are spontaneously formed when glycolipids or synthetically hydrophobized carbohydrates are dispersed in water (possibly in the presence of other lipids). Carbohydrate recognition of such organized systems (mono or bilayers) is somewhat different from recognition in isotropic media. The main differences arise from the kinetics and thermodynamics points of view (hindered approach and entropy changes at the surface, respectively). Furthermore, the conformation and the motion of the carbohydrate embedded at interfaces are strongly affected by the natures of its lipid anchor and that of the surrounding lipid components. The self-organization of amphiphilic carbohydrates can be rationalized by considering the geometry of the molecule; depending on the surface of the polar head, length and volume of the apolar tail, micelles, liquid crystals, monolayers, or vesicles can be formed. The recognition, by specific receptors, of carbohydrates assembled as monolayers or Langmuir-Blodgett films, can display quantitative information such as the thermodynamic parameters of binding or cluster effects, whereas the recognition at the surface of vesicles mainly affords a qualitative knowledge of the binding.
This paper is not a review covering the entire field of carbohydrate-recognition in any organized system. Many excellent papers have already been devoted to supramolecular systems such as cyclodextrins, podands, coronands or cryptants able to entrap carbohydrate molecules [1]. This article only deals with the molecular recognition of mono and oligosaccharides in organized self-assemblies of amphiphilic carbohydrates (possibly blended with other lipids) in aqueous medium; i.e. in assemblies mimicking the cell membrane.
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Abbreviations
- Cer:
-
Ceramide
- CHAPSO:
-
3-[(CHolAmidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxyl-1-PropaneSulfOnate
- cmc:
-
Critical Micellar Concentration
- Con A:
-
Concavalin A
- DMPC:
-
L-α-DiMyristoylPhosphatidylCholine
- EFO:
-
Evanescent Fiber Optic
- FITC:
-
Fluorescein IsoThioCyanate
- GbO3 :
-
Galα(1-4)Galα(1-4)Glcβ-Cer
- GbO4 :
-
GalNAcβ(1 -3)Galα(1 -4)Galα(1-4)Glcβ-Cer
- GbO5 :
-
GalNAcα(1-3)GalNAcβ(1 -3)Galα(1-4)Galα(1 -4)Glcβ-Cer
- GPI:
-
GlycosylPhosphatidyl Inositol
- H-:
-
Hydrophobized
- HLB:
-
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- IgM:
-
Immunoglobulin M
- Lac:
-
Lactose
- LB:
-
Langmuir-Blodgett
- LUV:
-
Large Unilamellar Vesicle
- Mal:
-
Maltose
- MLV:
-
MultiLamellar Vesicle
- PC:
-
Phosphatidyl Choline
- PE:
-
Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine
- QCM:
-
Quartz Crystal Microbalance
- RET:
-
Resonance Energy Transfer
- SEM:
-
Scanning Electron Microscopy
- SFA:
-
Surface Force Apparatus
- Sug-A:
-
Aldonic acid (any carbohydrate in oxidized form)
- Sug-ol:
-
Sugar alditol (any carbohydrate in reduced form)
- SUV:
-
Small Unilamellar Vesicle
- TBDMS:
-
tert-ButylDiMethylSilyl
- TMSOTf:
-
TriMethylSilyl TriFluoromethanesulfonate
- WGA:
-
Wheat Germ Agglutinin
- 2D, 3D:
-
Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional
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Boullanger, P. (1997). Amphiphilk carbohydrates as a tool for molecular recognition in organized systems. In: Driguez, H., Thiem, J. (eds) Glycoscience Synthesis of Substrate Analogs and Mimetics. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 187. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0119260
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