Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bainbridge, A. E., 1980. GEOSECS Atlantic Expedition. Vol. 2, Sections and Profiles. National Science Foundation, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC, 198 pp.
Baker, D. J., jr., 1981. Ocean instruments and experiment design. in Evolution of Physical Oceanography. Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 396–433.
E. I. Balazs and B. C. Douglas, 1979. Geodetic leveling and the sealevel slope along the California coast. J. Geophys. REs., 84, 6195–6206.
Barnett, T. P., 1990. Low frequency changes in sealevel and their possible causes. in, The Sea, Vol. 9, B. B. L. LeMehaute and D. M. Hanes, eds, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 841–867.
Bauer, J. and J. D. Woods, 1984. Isopycnic Atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean. Tech. Rept. No. 132, Institut for Meereskunde und der Christian-Albrechts Universitat, Kiel, 173 pp.
Baumgartner, A. and E. Reichel, 1975. The World Water Balance. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 179 pp.
Berger, W. H. and L. D. Labeyrie, eds., 1987. Abrupt Climate Change. Evidence and Implications. NATO ASI Series, Vol 216. Reidel, Dordrecht, 425 pp.
Born, G. H., B. D. Tapley, J. C. Ries and R. H. Stewart, 1986. Accurate measurement of mean sea level changes by altimetric satellites. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 11, 775–11, 782.
Boyle, E. A., 1990. Quaternary deepwater paleoceanography. Science, 249, 863–870.
Broecker, W. S. D. Peteet and D. Rind, 1985. Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature, 315, 21–26.
Broecker, W. S., T. Takahashi and Y.-H. Li, 1976. Hydrography of the central Atlantic-I. The two-degree discontinuity. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 1083–1104.
Bryan, F. O. and W. R. Holland, 1989. A high resolution simulation of the wind-and thermohaline-driven circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. in, Parameterization of Small Scale Processes, Proceedings’ Aha Huliko'a, Hawaiian Winter Workshop, U. of Hawaii at Manoa, January 17–20, 1989, Hawaii Inst. of Geophys. Spec. Pub., P. Müller and D. Henderson, eds., 99–115.
Bryden, H. L., D. H. Roemmich, and J. A. Church, 1991. Oceanic heat transport across 24oN in the Pacific. Deep-Sea Res., 37, 297–324.
Bryden, H. L., 1977. Geostrophic comparisons from moored measurements of current and temperature during the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 667–681.
Bryden, H. L., 1980. Geostrophic vorticity balance in midocean. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 2825–2828.
Chappellaz, J. M., D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich, and C. Lorios, 1990. Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years. Nature, 345, 127–131.
Davis, R. E., 1978. Estimating velocity from hydrographic data. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 5507–5509.
Deacon, M., 1979. Scientists and the Sea. 1650–1900. A Study of Marine Science 445 pp., Academic, London
Defant, A., 1961. Physical Oceanography, Vol. 1. Pergamon, N.Y., 598 pp.
Douglas, B. C., 1991. Global sea level rise. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 6981–6992.
Drake, C. L., J. Imbrie, J. A. Knauss, and K. K. Turekian, 1978. Oceanography. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 447 pp.
Ekman, V. W., 1905. On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean-currents. Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik 2(11), 52 pp.
Emery, K. O. and D. G. Aubrey, 1991. Sealevels, land levels and tide gauges. Springer-Verlag, New York, 237 pp.
Fu, L., 1986. Mass, heat and freshwater fluxes in the South Indian Ocean. J. Phys. Oc., 16, 1683–1693.
Fukumori, I. and C. Wunsch, 1991. Efficient representation of the North Atlantic hydrographic and chemical distributions. Prog. in Oceanog., 27, 111–195.
Fukumori, I., F. Martel and C. Wunsch, 1991. The hydrography of the North Atlantic in the early 1980's. An atlas. Prog. in Oceanog., 27, 1–110.
Gill, A. E., 1982. Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics. Academic Press, New York, 662 pp.
Hall, M. M. and H. L. Bryden, 1982. Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 339–359.
Hamann, I. M. and J. H. Swift, 1991. A consistent inventory of water mass factors in the intermediate and deep Pacific Ocean derived from conservative tracers. Deep-Sea Res., 38 (Supplement. J. L. Reid Volume), S129–S170.
Hastenrath, S., 1984. On meridional heat transports in the world ocean. J. Phys. Oc., 12, 922–927.
Heinmiller, R. H., 1983. Instruments and methods. in, Eddies in Marine Science, A. R. Robinson, ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 542–567.
Helland-Hansen, B. and F. Nansen, 1920. Temperature variations in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the atmosphere. Smithsonian Misc. Collect. 70: 4, 408pp.
Holloway, G., 1986. Eddies, waves, circulation and mixing: statistical geofluid mechanics. Ann. Revs. Fl. Mech., 18, 91–147.
Isemer, H.-J. and L. Hasse, 1985. The Bunker Climate Atlas of the North Atlantic Ocean. Vol 1. Observations. Vol 2 Air-Sea Interactions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 218pp and 252pp.
Isemer, H. J. Willebrand and L. Hasse, 1989. Fine adjustment of large scale air-sea energy flux parameterizations by direct estimates of ocean heat transport. J. Climate, 2, 1173–1184.
Kawase, M. and J. L. Sarmiento, 1986. Circulation and nutrients in middepth Atlantic waters. J. Geophys. Res., 91 9749–9770.
Knapp, G. P. and H. Stommel, 1985. Hydrographic Data from R/V Oceanus Cruse 129. WHOI 85-38, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report, Woods Hole, MA, 107.
Lambeck, K., 1988. Geophysical Geodesy. Oxford U. Press, New York, 718 pp.
Levitus, S., 1982. Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Professional Paper 13, 173 pp.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S., 1964. Planetary waves on a rotating sphere. Proc. Roy. Soc. A., 279, 446–473.
Mackas, D. L. K. L. Denman, and A. F. Bennett, 1987. Least squares multiple tracer analysis of water mass composition. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 2907–2918.
Martel, F. and C. Wunsch, 1992. Combined inversion of hydrography, current meter data and altimetric elevations for the North Atlantic circulation. unpublished document.
Martel, F. and C. Wunsch, 1993. The North Atlantic circulation in the early 1980's—an estimate from inversion of a finite difference model. J. Phys. Oc., in press.
Maury, M. F., 1855. The Physical Geography of the Sea and Its Meteorology. Harper and Bros., New York. (reprinted by Harvard University Press, J. Leighly ed., 1963), 432pp.
McWilliams, J. C. and G. R. Flierl, 1976. Optimal, quasi-goestrophic wave analysis of MODE array data. Deep-Sea Res., 23, 285–300.
Meir, M. F., 1984. Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level. Science, 226, 1418–1421.
Millero, F. J., C.-T. Tung, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, 1980. A new high pressure equation of state for seawater. Deep-Sea Res., 27A, 255–264.
MODE Group, The 1978. The Mid-ocean dynamics experiment. Deep-Sea Res. 25, 859–910.
Munk, W., 1950. On the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. of Meteor., 7, 79–93.
Munk, W., 1981. Internal waves and small-scale processes. in Evolution of Physical Oceanography. Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma, 264–291.
Munk, W. H. and G. F. Carrier, 1950. The wind-driven circulation in ocean basins of various shapes. Tellus, 2, 158–167.
Needler, G. T., 1978. The absolute velocity as a function of conserved measurable quantities. Prog. Oceanog., 14, 421–429.
Nerem, R. S., B. D. Tapley and C. K. Shum, 1990. Determination of the ocean circulation using Geosat altimetry. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3163–3180.
Oort, A. H. and T. H. Vonder Haar, 1976. On the observed annual cycle in the ocean-atmosphere heat balance over the northern hemisphere. J. Phys. Oc., 6, 781–800.
Owens, B., 1991. A statistical description of the mean circulation and eddy variability in the Northwestern Atlantic using SOFAR floats. Prog. Oceanog., 28, 257–303.
Pedlosky, J., 1987. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Second edition. Springer-Verlag, 710 pp.
Philander, S. G., 1990. El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic, San Diego, 289 pp.
Phillips, N. A., 1963. Geostrophic motion. Revs. Geophys., 1, 123–176.
Phillips, N. A., 1966. The equations of motion for a shallow rotating atmosphere and the “traditional approximation” J. Atm. Scis., 23, 626–628.
Pickard G. L. and W. Emery, 1982. Descriptive Physical Oceanography. An Introduction. 4th Edition. Pergamon, Oxford, 249 pp.
Pond, S. and G. L. Pickard, 1983. Introductory Dynamical Oceanography, second edition. Pergamon, Oxford, 329pp.
Reid, J. L., 1965. Intermediate Waters of the Pacific Ocean. Johns Hopkins Oceanographic Studies No. 2, Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore, 85 pp.
Reid, J. L., 1989. On the geostrophic circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean: flow patterns, tracers, and transports. Progress in Oceanog., 23, 149–244.
Rintoul, S., 1990. South Atlantic interbasin exchange. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 2675–2692.
Robinson, A. R., ed, 1983. Eddies in Marine Science. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 609 pp.
Roemmich, D., 1980. Estimation of meridional heat flux in the North Atlantic by inverse methods. J. Phys. Oc., 10, 1972–1983.
Roemmich, D. and C. Wunsch, 1985. Two transatlantic sections: Meridional circulation and heat flux in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 32, 619–664.
Schmitt, R., P. Bogden, and C. E. Dorman, 1989. Evaporation minus precipitation and density fluxes for the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oc., 19, 1208–1221.
Schmitz, W. J. Jr. and J. R. Luyten, 1991. Spectral time scales for mid-latitude eddies. J. Mar. Res., 49, 75–107.
Schott, F. and H. Stommel, 1978. Beta spirals and absolute velocities in different oceans. Deep-Sea Res., 25, 961–1010.
Shum, C. K., R. A. Werner, D. T. Sandwell, B. H. Zhang, R. S. Nerem and B. D. Tapley, 1990. Variations of global mesoscale eddy energy observed from Geosat. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17,865–17,876.
Starr, V. P., 1968. Physics of Negative Viscosity Phenomena. Mc-Graw Hill, New York, 256 pp.
Stommel, H., 1948. The westward intensification of wind-driven ocean currents. Trans. Am. Geophys. Un., 29, 202–206.
Stommel, H., 1957. A survey of ocean current theory. Deep-Sea Res., 4, 149–184.
Stommel, H., 1965. The Gulf Stream: A Physical and Dynamical Description, 2nd ed. U. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 248pp.
Stommel, H., 1984. The delicate interplay between wind-stress and buoyancy input in ocean circulation: the Goldsbrough variations. Tellus, 36A, 111–119.
Stommel, H. and F. Schott, 1977. The beta spiral and the determination of the absolute velocity field from hydrographic station data. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 325–329.
Stommel, H., P. Niiler and D. Anati, 1978. Dynamic topography and recirculation of the North Atlantic Ocean. J. Mar. Res., 36, 449–468.
Sturges, W., 1974. Sea level slope along continental boundaries. J. Geophys. Res., 79, 825–830.
Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson and R. H. Fleming, 1942. The Oceans. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1087 pp.
Trenberth, K., J. G. Olson, and W. G. Large, 1989. A global ocean wind stress climatology based on ECMWF analysis. NCAR/TN-338TSTR, Aug. 1989, 93pp.
Tushingham, A. M. and W. R. Peltier, 1991. Ice-3G: A new global model of late Pleistocene deglaciation based upon geophysical prediction aof post-glacial relative sealevel change. JGR, 96B, 4497–4523.
Veronis, G., 1981, Dynamics of large-scale ocean circulation, in Evolution of Physical Oceanography. Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds., The MIT Press, Cambridge, Ma, 140–183.
Weiss, R. F., J. L. Bullister, R. H. Gammon and M. J. Warner, 1985. Atmospheric chlorofluoromethanes in the deep equatorial Atlantic. Nature 314, 608–610.
Weyl, P. K., 1968. The role of the oceanis in climatic change: a theory of the ice ages. Meteor. Monographs, 8, 37–62.
Woods, J. D., 1984. The upper ocean and air-sea interaction in global climate. in, The Global Climate, J. T. Houghton, ed., Cambridge U. Press, 141–187.
Worthington, L. V., 1981. The water masses of the world ocean: some results of a fine-scale census, in, Evolution of Physical Oceanography. Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds., The MIT Press, Cambridge, 42–69.
Wunsch, C., 1977. Determining the general circulation of the oceans: A preliminary discussion. Science, 196, 871–875.
Wunsch, C., 1978. The North Atlantic general circulation west of 50oW determined by inverse methods. Revs. Geophys. and Space Phys., 16, 583–620.
Wunsch, C., 1980. Meridional heat flux of the North Atlantic Ocean. Proc. Nat. Acad. Scis., USA, 77, 5043–5047.
Wunsch, C., 1981. Low frequency variability of the sea. in Evolution of Physical Oceanography: Scientific Surveys in Honor of Henry Stommel, B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds., The MIT Press, Cambridge, 342–374.
Wunsch, C., 1989. Tracer inverse problems, in, Oceanic Circulation Models: Combining Data and Dynamics, D. L. T. Anderson and J. Willebrand, eds., Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1–77.
Wunsch, C. and B. Grant, 1982. Towards the general circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean. Prog. in Oceanog., 11, 1–59.
Wunsch, C., D.-X. Hu, and B. Grant, 1983. Mass, heat, salt and nutrient fluxes in the South Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oc., 13, 725–753.
Wüst, G., 1935. Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen Ozeans. Die Stratosphare. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition auf dem Forschungs-und Vermessungsschiff “Meteor” 1925–1927, 6: 1st Part,2, 180 pp. (reprinted as The Stratosphere of the Atlantic Ocean, W. J. Emery, ed., 1978, Amerind, New Delhi 112 pp)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer-Verlag
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wunsch, C. (1993). Physics of the ocean circulation. In: Rummel, R., Sansò, F. (eds) Satellite Altimetry in Geodesy and Oceanography. Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol 50. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0117926
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BFb0117926
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-56818-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-47758-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive